Function words (from Weinreich) Flashcards
Pretty well complete list of all function words from the English-Yiddish section of Weinreich, including common transitions and some useful literary terms.
about/in regard to/concerning/with respect to
vegn; mekoyekh; benegeye; in prat fun;
approximately
an erekh; b’erekh; mer-veiniker
according to
loit
on account of/because of/due to
tsulib; makhmes
finally/at last/in the end
endlekh; tsu letst; sof-klsof; tsu sof; lesof; in der untershter shure
after (conj)
nokh dem vi
after (conj) example, “after I saw him…”
nokh dem vi ikh hob im gezen
afterwards
nokh dem; dernokh; shpeter
again
nokh a mol; vider a mol
alike
gleikh; enlekh
all told/in all/altogether
(be)sakh-hakl; a klal; in gantsn; arum un arum
that’s all!
un shoin! un ois! poter!
almost/nearly
kimat; bald; shier nit; korev tsu
also
oikh; oikhet
although/though
khotch; hagam
always
shtendik; ale mol; tomed
another (one more)
oikh a
anybody
iederer; ieder einer
anyhow/in any case
sai vi sai; azoi tsi azoi; vi es zol nit zain
except/apart from/aside from
khuts; akhuts; mikhuts; droisn fun
as/like/just like
vi; azoi vi; mayse
as/while/during/at the same time as
az; ven; beshas; beys; in meshekh fun; bemeshekh; in ein tsait mit; beshas mayse; beys mayse; tsu glaikh; far (ein) vegs; far ein(s)
as/by way of (e.g. as a loan)
alts; betoyres
as soon as
bald vi; glaikh vi; vi nor
as though
glaikh vi; a shteiger vi; punkt vi
as well as/also
vi oikh
barely/hardly/scarcely
koim, koim-koim; kimat nit
basically/in essence /essentially/fundamentally
in grunt; in tokh; be’etsem
that is/i.e.
dos heist; heist es
because/since
vail; vorem; makhmes; azoi vi; vi bald
because of
makhmes; tsulib
before/previous to (prep)
far; frier fun
before (conj)
eyder; erev
beforehand, earlier
frier
on behalf of
letoyves; fun…..s vegn; in nomen fun
both … and
sai … sai; i … i; hen … hen
briefly
in kurtsn; bekitser
by (in passive, e.g. written by me)
fun; durkh
in case/in the event that/if
tomer; oib; ven; az; beim’
in any case/event
oif iedn fal; iednfals
in that case
oib azoi; heist es
cause, reason
di sibe
certainly/by all means
oif zikher; avade; aderabe
it isn’t certain that
s’iz nit kein reye az
chiefly, mainly
der iker; der hoipt; iber hoipt; der ikersht; in tokh arain
cite/quote
tsitirn
clarify
klor makhn; oifklern
clarity
klorkait
how come/why?
vi kumt es? farvos? lemay? alemay?
comparable
farglayklekh
comparatively
lefi-erekh
compare with
farglaykhen tsu
compared to
legabe; in fargleikh mit
completely/entirely
in gantsn; gor; far ful; legamre; kule; durkh un durkh; lakhlutn
comprise/consist of
arainnemen; iz bashtein fun
concept
der bagrif
conclude
farendikn
in conclusion
lesof
on condition that/provided that/as long as
bitnay az
in consequence of
vi a rezultat fun
consequently
deriber; heist es; iz; bemeyle; nimtse
considerable
nishkoshedik
on the contrary
aderabe; farkert
convince of
ibertsaign in; ainredn az
contrast with
shteln zikh ontkegn
during/in the course of
bemeshekh fun
of course!
avade! zikher!
crucial
kritish
deal with
hobn tsu ton mit
depending on
gevendt in; vi nokh
depict
oismoln
difference
untersheyd; khilek
different/unlike
andersh; nit enlekh tsu; (gor) nit vi
differentiate/distinguish between
unter sheidn; fanandersheidn
directly
glaikh; teykef
no doubt/doubtless
bli-sofek; bli-shum-sofek; on sofek
downright/outright/explicit/clear
befeyresh; on shies
doubtful
sofekdik
effect (noun)
der efekt; di virkung
effective
efektiv; virkevdik
affect/have an effect on
virkn; oprufn zikh oif
for example
a shteiger; tsum baishpil; lemoshl; ledugme
either …. or
oder …. oder
either one/one or the other (pronoun)
oder der, oder iener
otherwise/ or
anit; anisht; andersh
what else?
vos nokh?
elsewhere; somewhere else
andersh vu; ergets andersh
ending (noun)
der sof
entail/give rise to
goyrem zain
equally/just as
punkt azoi
especially/particularly
der iker; der hoipt; bazundersh; bifrat; ver redt nokh; ver shmuest; bazunder; spetsiel’
etcetera
un azoi vaiter; andere; ukhdoyme
even
afile
in the event of
in fal fun
at all events
sai vi sai; alkoponim; bekhol-oifn; iednfals
eventual
sofkl-sofik
eventually
mit der tsait; sofkl sof
ever since
fun demolt on
every time
ale mol; ieder mol
everybody/everyone
ieder einer; iederer; etlekher; ale
everything
alts; altsding
everywhere
umetum
except that
nor vos
give an example of
gebn a dugme fun
to a certain extent
biz a gevizer mos
extremely
gor; gor gor; biz gor
in fact/actually/truly/indeed
faktish; aygentlekh; far vor; oif der vor; leoylem; aderabe; be’emes; oif der/an emes; take
the fact that …
dos vos …
first
ersht
in the first place/at first
ershtns; koydem kol; tsu ersht; tsum ershtn; lekhatkhile; tkhiles; onheibs
from the first
(bald) fun onheib
consequently; it follows
nimtse
available, in existence (adj)
benimtse
as follows
azoi; ot vi; ot vi azoi
as follows (before a quotation)
azoi tsu zogn
following (adj): e.g. the following people
di vaiterdike mentchn
in the following words (before a quotation)
beze’ haloshen
fortunately
tsum glik
furthermore
dertsu; khutz dem; i dos; oikh; vaiter
gather/conclude/infer (verb)
dringen
generally/in general/usually/as a rule
biklal; bederekh-klal; vi der shteiger iz; vi geveintlekh
going to/intend
klaybn zikh
on the one hand
fun eyn zait
on the other hand
fun der ander zayt; tsurik geredt
have this/take this/here (imperative)
na dir; nat aykh
I will have you know
ir zolt visn zain
therefore/hence
deriber; derfar; iz; alkeyn; bekheyn; bemeyle; lokhn
henceforth
fun itst on
here and there
ertervaiz
hereabouts
do ergets
hereby/with this/as a result of this/at that
dermit; derbai
hereof/thereof/of or concerning this/that
derfun
hereupon/because of this
deroif
hitherto/until now/previously
biz aher; biz itst; lesate; adayem
however/still/after all
ober; fundest’vegn; nishmer’; dokh; fort; nokh alts
if not/otherwise
anit; anisht
whether
tsi
whether … or
tsi … tsi
if only
oib nor; bodai; halevai
if so
im-keyn
in that (he is right in that…)
mit dem vos… (er is gerekht mit dem vos er …)
inasmuch as
azoi vi; heyois vi
including
arainrekhndik; ainshlisndik;besoykhem
incomparable
nit tsu farglaykhn; umfarglayklekh
insofar as
oif vifil
-ish (suffix) e.g. bluish
-lekh (bloylekh)
it (pronoun)
es; se
itself/as such/very (e.g. adj: the very approach; adv: the very smallest)
adj: etsem; zelbiker; rekht; oyse (der etsem/zelbiker tsugan)
adv: same (der same klenster)
of itself
fun zikh aleyn; bemeyle
just (now)
okersht; grod; ot
just (only)
nor; bloiz
just (exactly)
punkt
what kind of
voser; voser min; vos far a
kinds of
azelkhe; mini; -erlai (added to numbers): e.g. tsveyerlai = two kinds of
all kinds of
alerlai; kolerlerlai; kol-aminim
kind of/sort of/more or less
mer-veiniker
to a great extent/largely/mostly/for the most part
in a groiser mos; al pi rov
lately/recently
letstns; anumlt; nit lang tsurik
latter
letst; tsveit
former
frierdik; ersht
at least
tsum veinikstns; tsum vinstiktsns; khotch; lekhol’-hapo-khes; lepokhes
to say the least/to put it mildly
eydl geredt
not in the least; not at all
oif a hor nit; gor
lest
k’dey … nit
let us
lomir
let me
lomikh
instead/in lieu of
onshtot; oifn ort fun
like/similar to
glaikh tsu; geglikhn tsu; enlekh tsu
and the like
un dos glaikhn
like that/in that way
ot vi; ot vi azoy; ot azoy
likely (e.g. rain is likely)
shmekn (es shmekt mit regn)
likewise
dos glaikhn
literally
mamesh; os be-os’; kep-shute
look! lo!
ersht
as long as
kol-zman; abi
for a long time now
shoin lang; fun lang on
no longer/not any more
shoin nit; mer nit; ois
many/a lot
a sakh; a mase; a velt; a yam; a shlal; a guzme
it rains a lot/often
es regnt un regnt
there is a lot
s’iz faran un faran
no matter
alts eyns; es makht nit ois
no matter how good
vi gut es zol nit zain
no matter what
ove-tove
be a matter of
handlen zikh vegn
as a matter of fact
be-etsem
maybe/possibly
efsher; tomer; nit a mol? (in questions)
by means of
durkh
by no means/not at all
beshum-oyfen; be-ein oifn … nit; far kein fal … nit
meanwhile
dervail; in tsvishn; in dem beyne-lebeyne
mere/scanty/hardly any (adj)
nor; bloiz; loiter; nit mer vi; kimat nit
never mind
meyle; loz(t) tsu ru!
X of mine
mine/r a/n X
for the moment/at present
oif der rege
in a moment
in a rege; ot-ot
a moment ago
okersht; nor vos
more
nokh
more or less
fil-veinik; mer-veiniker
no more/not any longer
mer nit; ois
to be no more
zain ois
some more (with verbs - e.g. cook/write some more)
epes tsu (epes tsu kokhn/shraibn)
moreover/besides that
dertsu; akhuts dem; haint
most (adj)
merste; s’rov
for the most part (adj)
merstn teil; merstns
for the most part (adv)
tsum merstns
at most
nit mer vi; hekhstns; maximum
mostly
merstn teil; merstns
as much as
azoy fil vi
so much
azoy fil
not much
nit keyn sakh
not much of a/n X
knap; oikh mir a/n X
make much of
makhn a tsimes fun
namely
hayne; dehayne
naturally/of course
farshteit zikh; geveintlekh; natirlekh; vi der seyder iz
necessarily/only/none other than/nothing less than/ precisely/deliberately
davke
not necessarily
nit davke; lav-davke
if necessary
far noit
neither/not one or the other (adj)
nit der, nit iener; oikh nit
neither … nor
nit … nit
never
kein mol … nit
nevertheless
fundestvegn; fort; altz
next (adj)
noentst; kumendik; ander
next to last/penultimate
farlestst
what next?
vos vaiter?
nobody, no one
keiner … nit
none
keiner … nit; kein einer … nit
is that not so?
azo?
nothing
gornit; kein zach … nit
nothing but
loiter
now/at present
itst; atsind
once in a while/every now and then/occasionally
ale vaile; fun tsait tsu tsait; a mol; teil mol; tsaitnvaiz
just now (a moment ago)
nor vos
now that (conj.)
itst az
nowadays
heintike tsaitn
nowhere
in ergets nit
obviously, clearly
dokh
often
oft; oft mol; a sakh mol
once/one time
eyn mol
at once/immediately
teykef; glaikh; shoin; eins-tsvey
only/unique (adj)
eyntsik
only (adv)
nor; mer nisht; bloiz; nit mer vi
only/as recently as
ersht
only (conj)
nor; nayert (literary)
not only … but
nit nor … nor
not only
nit nor; loyday’
openly/overtly
beyoydim; bifreyse
or
oder; tsi
or possibly
eventuel
in order to/so/so as to/with an aim to
kedey tsu; bikhdey tsu; mitn tsvek tsu
ostensibly, allegedly, would-be, not really a
kloymersht; kmoi; oikh mir a ___; shier nit a ___
other (adj)
ander
each other
eyner dem andern
every other/alternating (e.g. every other page)
iber; ieder tsveite (a zait iber a zait; ieder tsveite zait)
one or the other
eints fun di tsvey
outwardly
droisndik; oiserlekh; klape-khuts
over and over/repeatedly
vider un ober
overall (adj)
koyledik
overly/in excess
iberik
overt/open
ofn
(one’s) own (adj)
eygn; leyblekh
on the part of
mitsad; fun X’s zait
partial/incomplete
teilvaiz
partly
teilvaiz; tsum teil
in passing
farbaigeindik; derekh-a’gev; agev-urkhe
pertain to
balangen tsu; onker zikh mit; zain shayekh; zain negeye
(not) to the point
(nit) tsu der zakh
that is the point
dos iz di zakh
there’s no point in
s’iz nit shayekh tsu
possible
miglekh
make possible
gebn di miglekhkait tsu
as … as possible (e.g. as fast as possible)
vos -er, bi tsum -stn (vos gikher, vi tsum glikhstn)
how is that possible?
staich?
Is it possible?
hayitokhn?
potentially
bekoyekh
have it in one’s power to
zain bikhoyles tsu
precisely
bediek; punkt
for the present/for now
dervail; lesate; oif der rege; lefisho’
presumably
mashmoes
quite/pretty/fairly (adj)
gants
probably
minastam; mashmoes; mistome; a svore az
most probable
gikher far alts
pursuant to/on the basis of/on the strength of
oifn smakh fun; kefi
at any rate/anyways
alcoponim; iedn fals; lekholadeyes
for no good reason; at random; just like that
stam; glat azoi; glat in der velt arain; umnisht
despite/regardless of
nit gekukt oif; umophendik fun
in relation to
legabe
relatively
lefie-erekh
respectively/in turn
in dem seyder
give rise to/effect
goyrem zain
for the sake of
tsulib; leshem
for x’s sake
fun x’s vegn
same (adj)
zelbiker; eigener; nemlekher
all the same
alts eins
seemingly/on the face of it/apparently
a ponem
in the sense of
betoyres
seriously/joking aside
oif an emes; on katoves
in short
in kurtsn; a kitser; mit ain vort
nothing short of
nit davke
soon/in short order
bald; bekorev; in gikhn; kirtslekh
not by a long shot
vait nit azoy
since/then
fun X on (adv); zint (conj)
slightly
a bisl; adj-lekh (slightly naive=naivlekh)
so/thus/in that way
azoi; azoi arum
so/then/therefore
iz; to; heist es; ….zhe; consecutive word order (verb-first)
so be it
zol zain azoy
is that so?
azoi gor? take? gor azoi? emes?
so what?
iz vos?
so-and-so
der un der; di un di; aza un aza
for some time
a shtik tsait
some people
a teil menchn
some/a certain (e.g. some/a certain child)
epes a kind
somebody
emetser
somehow
vi es iz; vi nit iz
something
epes; vos es iz; vos nit iz
something of a/n X
a shtikl X
sometime (adv)
a mol
sometimes
a mol; oft mol; ven es iz
somewhat/kind of
a bisl; epes
somewhere
in ergets; ergets vu
somewhere else
andersh vu
so-so
nishkoshe
in spite of/despite
nit gekukt oif/nit kukndik oif
considerably/substantially
hipsh; mamoshesdik
successively/one after the other
nokh anand
such
aza; azelkher; azoiner
such and such
dos un dos
suddenly
plutsling; plutsem; mit a mol; mit ein mol
there’s no telling who/where …
male ver/vu ….
that (adj)
der; di; dos; iener
that (pronoun)
dos; iens
not that (conj)
nit vos
in that (conj)
mit dem vos
the … the (e.g. the wider the stronger)
vos -er, alts -er (vos breiter alts shtarker)
an X of theirs
zeyer a/n X
then/at that time
demolt
then/later/after that
vaiter
then again
tsurik geredt
there (adv)
dort
there (in pointing)
ot
to there/thither
ahin
there is/are (expletive)
es, se, ‘s
there is/there are
es is/zainen do
there is not/there are not
es iz nito keyn; es zainen nito keyn
there was not/there were not
es iz nit geven; es zainen nit geven
thereabouts
dortn ergets
thereof/pertaining to it (adv)
derfun
this (adj)
der, di, dos
these (adj)
di
this (emphatic adj)
to der, di, dos, di; der doziker
this & that (misc. things)
dos un ients
throughout (adv)
durkhois
throughout (prep) - (eg throughout the house)
thurkh; in gor (in gor der shtub)
until/up to/all the way to
(azh) biz
at any time
tsu ieder tsait; abi ven
time and again
ober un vider
by that time
biz demolt
on time/promptly
tsu der tsait; bai tsaitns
have time for
bavizn tsu
tolerably
nishkoshe
tomorrow
morgn
day after tomorrow
iber morgn
underneath (prep)
unter
underneath (adv)
untn; in der nider
on the understanding that
mit tnay az
unfortunately
tsum badoiren; tsum umglick; a shod vos
unless
saidn
be unlikely to (he’s unlikely to come)
X mistome nit (er vet mistome nit kumen)
obvious, unmistakeable
boylet
unnecessarily
umzist
unnecessary
unzistik
unusual(ly)
umgeveintlekh
upper
eiber; eibersht
uppermost (adj)
eibersht
uppermost (adv)
same oibn
in this vein
in dem ton
very (adj)
zeyer; shtark
via/by way of
iber; durkh
point of view
kukvinkl
on account of
mitn koyekh fun; smakh fun
vis-a-vis/in regard to
kegn iber; antkegn; klape
wanting/lacking/disappointing (he found it wanting)
nit dos (bai im iz es geven nit dos)
all the way (to, from, etc)
azh
by the way/incidentally
agev
in a way
leoylem; vi nit iz
any way (they please)
vi nor (zey viln)
you’re welcome (response to ‘thank you’)/not at all; think nothing of it
aderabe; nito farvos
well? (impatience)
Nu?
oh, well (resignation)
meyle
well/so (resumption of discussion)
iz
well, well! (surprise)
ze(t) nor ze(t)! te-te-te!
what for
lemay; tsu vos; nokh vos
what’s more
nokh mer
what/which (what/which coat to wear)
velkher; voser (velkher/voser mantl tsu trogn)
what a (admiration, surprise)
sara
whatchamacallit/whatsitcalled/thingy (noun)
vi-ruft-men-es
whatever/whatsoever
vos nor; vos es zol nit zain; voser; velkher
whenever
ven; ven nor
when? (interrogative)
ven
when (conj)
ven, az
where
vu
to where
vuhin
from where
fun vanen
whereas/considering that
heyois (vi)
whereas/on the contrary/although
beshas; ven
whereupon/when
oif dem kukndik; nokh
wherever
vu; vu nor
whether
tsi
whether … or
tsi … tsi
which? (interrogative)
voser? velker?
which one? (of a sequence) (Which one? The third.)
der viflter (Der viflter? Der driter.)
What’s today’s date?
Der viflter is haint?
while a/as a (while a child)
-vaiz (kindvaiz)
while + gerund (while eating)
baim + infinitive (baim esn)
gerund (esndik)
who? (interrog)
ver?
who (relative)
vos; velkher
whoever
ver; ver nor; ver es zol nit zain
whose? (interrog)
vemens?
whose (relative)
vos zain/ir/zeyer
why on earth?
vos epes?
I wish that/would that/if only (I wish he were here)
halevai volt (halevai volt er do geven)
within/inside (prep)
in; ineveinik
within two minutes
in nit mer vi tsvei minut
without/lacking
on
do without
bagein zikh on
worthwhile
kedai
next year
iber a yor
this year
hayor; haintiks yor
last year
far a yorn
every year
ale yor
yesterday
nekhtn
day before yesterday
eyer nekhtn
not yet
nokh (alts) nit
