FULL MIDTERM Flashcards
0
Q
Shen nong ben cao was intoxicated 70 times a day. Why?
A
to test out herbals and discover their toxicity and effects
1
Q
What two theoretical principles come from huang di nei jing?
A
5 phases/elements and yin yang
2
Q
In the shen nong ben cao jing, what 3 categories were the herbs divided into?
A
superior - 120 non toxic
intermediate - 120 some toxic
inferior - 125 toxic
3
Q
Who wrote the shang han za ben lun?
A
Zhang Zhong Jing
4
Q
What shang han za ben lun was divided into what two books?
A
shang han lun and jing gui yao lue
5
Q
What were the theoretical principles that divided the shang han za ben lun?
A
the 6 channels/meridians (tai yang, shao yang, yang ming, tai yin, shao yin, jue yin)
6
Q
What was the primary disease factor of shang han za ben lun?
A
COLD, febrile diseases
7
Q
Wen bing xue was also known as?
A
warming school of disease
8
Q
What were the 4 levels of disease in the wen bing xue?
A
wei, qi, ying, xue
9
Q
What was the primary disease factor in the wen bing xue?
A
HEAT
10
Q
List the temperatures
A
hot (re) warm (wen) neutral (ping) cool (liang) cold (han)
11
Q
List the 5 tastes (wei) + the additional tastes
A
acrid (xin) sweet (gan) bitter (ku) sour (suan) salty (xian) bland (dan) aromatic (xiang) astringent (se)
12
Q
Function of acrid
A
disperse and move
13
Q
Function of sweet
A
tonify, harmonize and sometimes moisten
14
Q
Function of bitter
A
drain and dry
15
Q
Function of sour
A
astringent, prevent or reverse abnormal leakage of fluids/energy
16
Q
Functions of salty
A
purge and soften hardness
17
Q
Function of bland
A
no taste, leach out dampness, promote urination
18
Q
Function of aromatic
A
penetrate through turbidity, revive a particular function
19
Q
Function of astringent
A
prevent leakage of fluids
20
Q
herbs that release the exterior especially with EPF treats measles when?
A
after eruption
21
Q
When is gui zhi used in menstrual disorders?
A
when there is cold/blood stasis
22
Q
Frying chai hu for LV qi stagnation, what liquid do you use?
A
vinegar
23
Q
What organs do the 5 tastes enter?
A
sour - liver acrid - lungs bitter - heart salty - kidney sweet - spleen
24
What are the main actions of sourness?
improves apetite, contains fluids/qi, preserves yin
25
What are the main actions of acridity?
releases the exterior, disperses up and out, qi regulator
26
What are the main actions of bitterness?
purges heat/fire/bowels, sedating effect, dries dampness
27
What are the main actions of saltiness?
relieves constipation, softens hardness (seaweed and animal products are salty)
28
What are the main actions of sweetness?
relieves ST aches, normalizes the ST and SP functions, however can cause qi to stagnate
29
What two flavors make up yang?
sweet and acrid
30
What two flavors make up yin?
sweet and sour
31
What are the eight parameters of diagnosis (ba gang)?
interior, exterior
cold, hot
deficiency, excess
yin, yang
32
What are the 6 channels?
```
tai yang (exterior cold)
shao yang (1/2 interior and exterior)
yang ming (interior excess disease)
tai yin (lung and spleen issues)
shao yin (heart and kidney issues)
jue yin (reverting)
```
***DRAW CHART
33
What are the four levels of heat?
Wei - external heat
Qi - internal heat excess
Ying - deep level heat in the nutritive level
Xue - deepest level heat in the blood
34
What are the 3 jiaos and what are their organs?
Upper - lungs (tian)
Middle - spleen (ren)
Lower - kidneys (di)
35
What are the 2 directional properties of herbs?
floating and ascending
| sinking and lowering
36
What can floating and ascending herbs help treat?
Ascends yang, warms yang, expels superficial evils, expels wind and cold, induces vomiting, promotes eruptions (measles), opens orifices (coma is closed)
37
What does sinking and lowering herbs help treat?
Descends yang, clears heat, purges, promotes urination, calms mind, stops vomiting, stops cough/asthma, promotes digestion, astringent
38
What is the difference between function and indication of herbs?
```
function - primary actions of the herbs (clear heat)
indication - signs and symptoms (fever, flushed face, acid reflux)
```
39
What are the 8 therapeutic methods (ba fa) to treat disease?
1) promote sweating (han fa) - wind cold excess
2) induce vomiting (tu fa)
3) purge (xia fa) - yang ming organ constipation, down and out
4) harmonize (he fa)
5) warm (wen fa)
6) clear (qing fa) - yang ming channel excess (4 bigs), heat
7) tonify (bu fa)
8) reduce (xiao fa) - down
40
What is the classical measurement of dosage?
qian
41
What is the modern measurement of dosage?
grams
42
What is the most common dosage range?
9-12 grams
43
What herbs are typically higher dose? Lower dose?
Minerals, heavy, hard, shells, and bland substances are higher dosage
toxic, flowers, strong flavored, leaves, and aromatic substances are lower dosage
44
What are some other considerations in terms of dosage?
patient's constitution, patient's stomach qi depletion, type of substance, etc
45
What is mutual accentuation?
combination of 2 substances with similar functions that accentuate their therapeutic effects
46
what is mutual enhancement?
combination of 2 or more substances with different actions but one of the substances enhances the effect of the other substance
47
What is mutual counteraction?
combination in which the toxicity or side effects of one substance are reduced or eliminated by another substance
48
What is mutual suppresion?
emphasis here is on the actual substance that reduces the toxic or undesirable effects of the other substance
49
What is mutual antagonism?
ability of 2 substances to minimize or neutralize each other's positive effects
50
What is mutual incompatibility?
occurs when the combination of 2 substances gives rise to side effects or toxicity, which would not happen if the substances were used alone
51
What is the composition of formulas?
Chief (king, sovereign, lord) - provides main therapeutic effect
Deputies (ministers or associates) - enhances or assists the chiefs
Assistants (adjutants) - treats symptoms, moderates harshness or toxicity of primary substances, assist chief/deputies
Envoy (messengers, couriers) - guides medicine to specific channel or organ, harmonizes (i.e. gan cao)
52
What is pao zhi?
processing of herbs
53
How do we increase an herb's surface area?
slice or pulverize the herb
54
Why do we process an herb?
increase potency, direct actions of the herbs to a certain place, minimize side effects, increase the properties of the herb
55
What is dry frying?
browning the herbs for storage and increase spleen awakening and stomach strengthening effects
56
Why is salt used with dry frying?
to direct the actions of the herbs to the kidneys
57
What does charring an herb do?
increases the hemostatic ability (stop bleeding)
58
What does dry frying with honey do?
increases herb's tonifying and moistening actions
59
What does dry frying with vinegar do?
enhances astringent, analgesic (pain relief), blood invigorating, and detoxifying actions
60
What does dry frying with wine do?
enhances ability to clear blockages from channels, expels win and alleviate pain
61
What does dry frying with ginger juice do?
reduces tendency for bitter and cold herbs to upset stomach, enhances some herbs' ability to warm the stomach, stops vomiting
62
What is calcining?
placing substance directly or indirectly in flames until it is heated and turns red, makes the substance brittle enough to easily pulverize
63
What substances are calcined?
minerals and shells
64
What is the strongest of the herbal treatments?
decoctions > granules > pills
65
How long do we typically cook decoctions, depending on the ingredients?
20-30min
66
When do we cook a decoction longer?
tonics with rich cloying substances or toxic substances must be cooked longer - 45-60 min
67
When do we cook decoctions for a shorter time?
formulas that release the exterior, clear heat, or herbs that have volatile oils - 10-15 min
68
What types of herbs do we decoct first?
toxic herbs, minerals and shells, and large doses of lightweight substances
69
What types of herbs do we add near the end?
aromatic herbs, da huang (to get its purgative effects, if we cook da huang too long it will cool blood instead of purge)
70
What kind of herbs are decocted in gauze?
herbs with cilia, small seeds, some minerals, and powdered substances (these need gauze so it doesn't stick to cooking utensil, irritate the throat, or make the decoction turbid)
71
What types of herbs do we decoct separately?
rare and expensive substances like ginseng (often cooked in a double boiler for 2-3 hours to extract active ingredients)
72
What type of substances dissolve in a strained decoction?
highly viscous or sticky substances (they would stick to the pot or to other herbs and could reduce the effects of decocting)
73
What types of herbs are taken with the strained decoction?
expensive and aromatic herbs are ground into powder and taken first, then followed by strained decoction
this is also the case with precious horns which are usually shaved then grounded into a powder so we can ingest first. Then immediately following ingestion, we take the strained decoction
74
What are the two types of herb/drug interactions that we need to be cautious about?
pharmacokinetic interaction - can change absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination
pharmacodynamic reaction - can alter the way in which a drug or herb effects a tissue or organ (this can sometimes be synergistic or antagonistic)
75
Herbs that release the exterior can be broken down into what 2 categories?
wind cold and wind heat
76
What are the most commons external pathogenic factors that are treated with herbs that release the exterior?
wind, cold, heat, summerheat
77
What is the most superficial of the 6 channels?
tai yang
78
What is the most superficial zang organ?
lungs
79
What are the general signs and symptoms of wind cold excess? Pulse?
Aversion to cold, fever and chills (chills more predominant), no sweat, contraction of qi and blood, aches and body pain, headache, no thirst, clear white secretions
floating and tight pulse
normal tongue with thin white coat
80
What are the general signs and symptoms of wind cold deficiency? Pulse?
weak wei qi, chills and fever (lesser fever than in excess), aversion to wind, pain and aches not so severe as excess, clear white secretions, sweating, lost or leakage of fluid (yin yang disharmony), edema due to lung qi dysfunction
floating and weak (moderate) pulse
normal body with thin white coat tongue
81
What is yang shui and where does it manifest first?
Edema due to dysfunction of lung qi, usually shows in the face (i.e. swollen upper eye)
yin shui is more kidney deficiency can be in lower body
82
Acrid cool herbs treat what pattern?
wind heat
83
What are general signs and symptoms of wind heat?
skin conditions such as:
1) measles - due to toxic wind, acrid herbs need to promote eruption if not it will go inside can cause pneumonia
2) carbuncles - skin boils, eruptions, and infections, need to let these heat toxins out (almost like a pimple thats under the surface of the skin)
84
What channels do these release the exterior herbs enter?
SHAO YANG
maybe tai yang and yang ming?
85
Herbs that clear heat and drain fire deal with heat in which of the 6 channels?
yang ming
86
Herbs that clear heat and drain fire deal with heat at which of the 4 levels?
qi level
87
What are the general signs and symptoms of excess heat?
fever without chills, profuse sweating, dry mouth and thirst, irritability, red eyes, red face, dark urine, constipation or diarrhea with dark stool, aversion to heat
88
What is the pulse and tongue like for excess heat?
red with yellow coat tongue
full pounding and rapid pulse
89
What are the signs and symptoms of deficiency heat (yin deficiency)?
malar flush, night sweats, irritability, dry skin and eyes, weak cough, slight thirst, steaming bone disorder, spermatorrhea, 5 centers heat, fevers at night
90
What is the pulse and tongue in deficiency heat?
thin or weak rapid pulse
red tongue with no coat
91
What is the temperature of the herbs that clear heat and drain fire?
COLDEST in the materia medica
92
What are the 4 bigs
big pulse, big fever, big thirst, big sweat
93
What is known as the natural bai hu tang?
xi gua
94
What does xi gua mainly cool?
yang ming or qi level heat
95
Herbs that clear heat and cool the blood deal with which of the 6 channels?
Shao yin (HT and KD)
96
Herbs that clear heat and cool the blood deal with heat in which TWO levels?
ying and xue
97
What does reckless movement of blood mean?
blood that cannot be contained in its vessels and spill out
98
What are signs and symptoms of heat in ying and xue levels?
Ying level - fever thats worse at night, mental restlessness, insomnia, manic speech, coma, initial stage of skin rash, red tongue with peeling yellow coat
Xue level - frank bleeding (under the skin, in stool, or somewhere in body), skin rash, red tongue with prickles
99
What are signs and symptoms of damp heat?
diarrhea (maybe with pus/blood), lin syndrome (difficulty peeing or pain with peeing due to heat or stones), jaundice, skin boils or eczema
100
Herbs that treat damp heat tend to be what taste and temperature?
BITTER and COLD, which can injure a weak middle jiao
101
From a biomedical standpoint, herbs that clear heat and dry dampness are known to be anti what?
1) antimicrobial
2) antipyretic
3) anti-inflammatory
**essentially they are antibiotics
102
What is heterodox?
something that shouldn't be where it's at and is causing issues (XIE)
103
What kind of situations were considered toxic in TCM?
heat accumulations:
1) EPF wind heat - swelling, pain, red, pus
2) non internal or non external factors - bee stings, hot spicy greasy food, acne/boils, poison oak/ivy
3) internal - stress, acne/boils
104
An abscess can have pus in what regions of the body?
skin, throat, breast, intestines
105
What are the specific toxic situations?
infectious disease with fever (mumps, tonsillitis)
infections with pus (lung or breast abscesses, sores, furuncles, carbuncles)
burns and wounds
dysentary
106
What is Yin Qiao San formula?
```
jin yin hua (chief)
lian qiao (chief)
jie geng (deputy)
niu bang zi (deputy)
bo he (deputy)
dan dou chi (deputy)
jing jie sui (assistant)
dan zhu ye (assistant)
xian lu gen (assistant)
gan cao (envoy)
```
107
What are the two chiefs of yin qiao san?
jin yin hua and lian qiao
108
What is the deputy in yin qiao san that is cool acrid release the exterior?
BO HE
| other release exterior are niu bang zi, dan dou chi
109
What is the main action of yin qiao san?
disperse wind heat clear heat, and resolve toxicity
110
What indications does yin qiao san fix?
tonsillitis, sore throat, fever, headache, slight chills, thirst, cough, red tipped tongue, thin white or yellow coat, floating rapid pulse
111
What is yin qiao san also called?
honeysuckle and forsythia decoction
112
Herbs that clear heat from deficiency treat what?
liver and kidney yin deficiency with deficiency heat
113
What is the main treatment plan for clearing heat from deficiency?
tonify yin in liver and kidney, clear deficiency heat
114
What are the 3 categories for downward draining herbs?
purgatives, moist laxatives, and harsh expellants
115
what are the general contraindications for downward draining herbs?
pregnancy, during period, prolapse, qi and yang deficiency
116
What is da cheng qi tang called?
major order the qi decoction
117
What is in da cheng qi tang formula?
```
da huang (add at end) 12 g
mang xiao (purgative like salt so it softens and goes to kidney) 9-12g
zhi shi (good for qi and digestion) 5 pieces
hou po (good for middle jiao - aromatic) 24 g
```
118
What is the main action of da cheng qi tang?
vigorously purges heat accumulation
119
What is the chief herb in da cheng qi tang?
da huang
120
What are the main indications for da huang qi tang?
abdominal disharmony (distention, fullness, dryness, hardness), constipation, gas
121
Da cheng qi tang is the representative formula for?
yang ming organ patterns
