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Chemistry > Fuels And Earth Science > Flashcards

Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Define fractional distillation

A

Separating crude oil into simpler more useful mixtures

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2
Q

What do the fractional columns have?

A

Temperature gradients

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3
Q

How does the crude oil enter the fractionating columns?

A

Crude oil is heated, until most of it turns into gas

The gases then enter the fractionating columns

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4
Q

Name the crude oils in fractional distillation

A

Gases

Petrol

Kerosene

Diesel

Fuel oil

Bitumen

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5
Q

Use of gases

A

Heating and cooking

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6
Q

Use of petrol

A

Fuel for cars

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7
Q

Use of kerosene

A

Fuel for aircrafts

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8
Q

Use of diesel oil

A

Fuel for larger cars

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9
Q

Use of fuel oil

A

Fuel for large ships

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10
Q

Use of bitumen

A

Roofs and roads

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11
Q

What does each fraction have?

A

Alkanes

W/ similar boiling points

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12
Q

Shorter hydrocarbons boiling point

A

They have lower boiling point

Therefore, they turn to liquid and drains much later on (near the top)

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13
Q

Longer hydrocarbons boiling points

A

They have higher boiling points

They turn back into liquids and drain out early on (near the bottom)

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14
Q

FD : boiling point

A

Increases down the column

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15
Q

FD : flammability

A

Increases up the column

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16
Q

FD : viscosity

A

Increases down the column

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17
Q

Name 4 alkanes from the homologous series

A

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

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18
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

Define homologous series

A

Family of molecules which have same general formula + similar chemical properties

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20
Q

The bigger the molecule (homologous series) …

A

Higher the boiling point

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21
Q

Define crude oil

A

Complex mixture of hydrocarbons

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22
Q

What does crude oil contain?

A

Molecules of carbon atoms, in chains or rings

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23
Q

Equation for complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

24
Q

Equation for incomplete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

25
Q

Why is carbon monoxide produced instead of carbon dioxide, in incomplete combustion?

A

There is less oxygen than carbon dioxide

26
Q

How is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

No smell

Can’t see

No taste

27
Q

How is carbon monoxide toxic?

A

Binds with haemoglobin in the blood, stopping red blood cells functioning properly

Soot on buildings

28
Q

Name 3 pollutants

A

Carbon monoxide (incomplete combustion)

Sulphur dioxide (acid rain)

Nitrogen oxide

29
Q

How does acid rain form?

A

1) fossil fuels burn, giving off carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide
2) (sulphur dioxide comes form the sulphur impurities in fossil fuels)

3) sulphur mixes w/ clouds
Sulphuric acid =acid rain

30
Q

Acid rain can cause…

A

Acidic lakes (killing fish)

Damage limestone buildings + statues

31
Q

How does nitrogen oxide form?

A

Energy released from combustion forms a reaction between oxygen and nitrogen

32
Q

Where can nitrogen oxide form?

A

Internal combustion of engines

33
Q

Nitrogen oxide can cause…

A

Acid rain

Photochemical smog

34
Q

Advantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol

A
  • clean fuel
  • no nasty waste products
  • renewable source
35
Q

Disadvantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol

A
  • expensive

- hard to store and transport

36
Q

Define cracking

A

Breaking large saturated hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones

37
Q

Define thermal decomposition

A

The breaking of covalent bonds though heat energy

38
Q

What is creaking a form of?

A

Thermal decomposition

39
Q

Why is cracking necessary?

A

There are higher demands for more useful fuels e.g petrol

40
Q

Test for oxygen

A

Relight of a glowing splint

41
Q

Describe earths early atmosphere

A

No oxygen present

Lots of carbon dioxide and water vapour

42
Q

Describe phase 1 of the atmosphere

A

Volcanic activity formed earths early atmosphere

  • releasing carbon dioxide and water vapour
  • no oxygen
43
Q

How did our oceans form?

A

Water vapour condensed

44
Q

Describe phase 2 of our atmosphere

A

Early CO2 dissolved into the oceans

Nitrogen and oxygen levels increased

45
Q

How did nitrogen increase in our atmosphere?

A

Ammonia + oxygen —> formed nitrogen

Nitrogen was released by denitrifying bacteria

46
Q

Why have nitrogen levels increased so much?

A

It’s not reactive

47
Q

How did oxygen increase in our atmosphere?

A

Plants evolved and photosynthesised (removing CO2)

% gradually increased

48
Q

Define alkane

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

49
Q

Define alkene

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

50
Q

Describe the greenhouse effect

A

1) earth radiates heat
2) Infrared radiation absorbed by greenhouse gases
3) infrared reflected back to earths surface
4) infrared re-emitted into space
5) absorption and reflection keep earth warm

51
Q

Name 3 greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide

Water vapour

Methane

52
Q

Name evidences of human activity causing climate change

A

Historical data

Correlation between CO2 concentration and fossil fuels

53
Q

Why is historical data an inaccurate piece of evidence?

A

Less data taken over fewer locations

Methods of collecting data may be inaccurate

54
Q

How can you estimate past climate?

A

Tree rings

Ice cores

55
Q

What is the con of estimating past climate?

A

Can be less precise than instrumental sampling

56
Q

What does the correlation between CO2 concentration and fossil fuels tell us?

A

Fossil fuels give out greenhouse gases, causing climate change

We need to reduce carbon emissions

57
Q

What does today’s atmosphere consist of?

A

Nitrogen = 78%

Oxygen = 21%

Carbon dioxide = 0.04%

Argon = 0.96%

Chemistry (3 decks)

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