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chemistry > Fuels and earth science > Flashcards

Fuels and earth science Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 5 effects of global warming

A
  • Melting of polar ice caps
  • Changes in water availability
  • Food shortages
  • Changes in precipitation
  • More frequent extreme weather
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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A non renewable energy source made from fossilised remains of dead plankton

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3
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

Crude oil is made mainly of hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What are the 2 general uses of crude oil

A
  • Tarmac

- Fuel

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5
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

the process of splitting crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with a similar amount of carbon atoms (fractions)

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6
Q

What are the 3 steps of fractional distillation?

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Condensation
  3. Collection
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7
Q

What are the uses of gases from crude oil?

A

domestic heating and cooking

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8
Q

what is the use of petrol from crude oil?

A

fuel for cars

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9
Q

what is the uses of kerosene from crude oil?

A

fuel for aircraft

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10
Q

what is the uses of diesel oil from crude oil?

A

fuel for some cars and trains

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11
Q

what is the use of fuel oil from crude oil?

A

fuel for larger ships and power station

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12
Q

what is the uses of bitumen from crude oil?

A

surfacing of roads and roofs

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13
Q

What happens in the first stage of fractional distillation?

A

The crude oil is heated until it evaporates and is passed into the fractionating column

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14
Q

What happens in the second stage of fractional distillation?

A

in the fractionating column, hydrocarbons condense at different stages depending on their length

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15
Q

What happens in the third stage of fractional distillation?

A

Once the hydrocarbons are condensed, they are collected and processed to make stuff

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16
Q

what are the properties of a homologous series?

A
  1. Same general formula
  2. Similar chemical properties
  3. Physical properties can change
  4. Neighbouring compounds differ by a CH2 unit
17
Q

What are the 3 fundamental properties of hydrocarbons?

A
  • flammability
  • viscosity
  • boiling point
18
Q

What is the correlation between hydrocarbon chain length and flammability?

A

Short chain hydrocarbons are more flammable and long ones are less flammable

19
Q

What is the correlation between hydrocarbon chain length and viscosity?

A

Long chain hydrocarbons are more viscous and short ones are less viscous

20
Q

What is the correlation between hydrocarbon chain length and boiling point?

A

Long chains hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point whereas short ones have a lower boiling point

21
Q

What are the products of cracking

A

Alkenes and Alkanes

22
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into shorter more useful ones

23
Q

What are the 2 ways to do cracking

A
  • Catalytic cracking

- Steam cracking

24
Q

What does catalytic cracking require?

A
  • A catalyst (iron)

- High temperatures

25
Q

What does steam cracking require

A
  • Steam

- High temperatures

26
Q

What are the characteristics of carbon monoxide?

A
  • Toxic
  • Colourless
  • Odourless
27
Q

What impurity is present in all fossil fuels

A

Sulphur

28
Q

What is the problem with sulphur?

A

sulphur oxidises when burnt. this produces the toxic gas sulphur dioxide

29
Q

What happens if sulphur is inhaled?

A

it can cause respiratory problems

30
Q

What happens when sulphur reacts with water in the atmosphere?

A

Acid rain is caused

31
Q

What is the problem with acid rain?

A

it causes erosion of steel and rocks, weathering of buildings and statues and the death of plants, insects and aquatic life like fishes

32
Q

What happens when hydrocarbons are burnt in a confines place? (such as internal combustion engines of cars)

A

high temperature can cause nitrogen and oxygen to react causing toxic nitrogen oxides to be formed

33
Q

What type of fuel cells can be used to power cars instead of petrol?

A

Hydrogen fuel cells

34
Q

What are some advantages of using hydrogen fuel cells in cars?

A

-The only waste cell is water as hydrogen fuel cells only use oxygen and hydrogen thus no greenhouse gases are emitted
Hydrogen fuel cells produce more energy per gram of hydrogen relative to petrol

35
Q

What is a disadvantage of hydrogen fuel cells?

A
  • hydrogen has to be stored at high pressure and it’s explosive
  • there aren’t many places to refuel
36
Q

Burning hydrocarbons in a lack of oxygen will give you….

carbon+oxygen→

A

carbon+oxygen→CARBON MONOXIDE

37
Q

What are three common pollutants from burning hydrocarbons?

A
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Sulphur dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxides
38
Q

What is thermal decomposition

A

When one substance breaks down into at least two new ones when you heat it up

chemistry (7 decks)

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