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Chemistry c1 > Fuels > Flashcards

Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil

A

Crude oils is a mixture of hydrocarbons it can be split up by fractional distillation

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2
Q

What are hydro carbons

A

Fuels made of just carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

What happens in the fractional distillation column

A

Crude oil is piped in at the bottom
It is heated and the vaporised oil rises up and then the different substances are piped of at the different levels where they condense
The shorter the molecules the more flammable the hydrocarbon
The shorter the molecule the more viscous

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4
Q

What is the order of the fractional distillation column from bottom to top

A 
Bitumen      Big 
Fuel oil        Females 
Diesel          Don't 
Kerosene     Kill
Naphtha      Normal 
Petrol           People
Gases          Generally
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5
Q

Describe bitumen

A

Used to surface roads and roofs

40 carbon atoms in the molecule

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6
Q

Describe fuel oil

A

Used as fuel for ships and in some power stations
Condenses at 340 degrees
35 carbon atoms in the molecule

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7
Q

Describe diesel

A

Used as fuel for lorries trains and in some cars
Condenses are 250degrees
20 carbon atoms in the molecule

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8
Q

Describe kerosene

A

Used as and aircraft fuel
180degrees condensing point
15 carbon atoms in the molecule

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9
Q

Describe naphtha

A

Used as lighter fluid and in the chemical industry

10 carbon atoms in molecules

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10
Q

Describe petrol

A

Used for cars
8 carbon atoms per molecule
110degrees condensing point

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11
Q

Describe gases

A

Used for cooking and heating

3 carbon atoms per molecule

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12
Q

What is complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen->carbon dioxide + water

Hydrogen and carbon have been oxidised

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13
Q

Describe complete combustion

A

Releases lots of energy and only produces harmless waste products
gas burns with a clean blue flame

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14
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon+carbon dioxide+carbon monoxide+ water
There isn’t enough oxygen

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15
Q

Describe incomplete combustion

A

It produces carbon monoxide which is a colourless odourless toxic gas which replaces the oxygen in the hemaglobyn
There is less energy and a smoky yellow flame

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16
Q

What makes the best fuel

A

Easily ignightable
High energy value
Little waste like ash and smoke
Easily stored and transported

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17
Q

What are the problems with burning fuels

A

Burned in power stations and cars
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere
Sulfur dioxide is also put into the air
If there is not enough oxygen the soot and carbon monoxide are also released

18
Q

How does sulfur dioxide cause acid rain

A

When sulfur dioxide mixes with the clouds it forms dilute sulphuric acid this then falls as acid rain

19
Q

What are the negatives of acid rain

A

Causes lakes to become acidic

Kills trees and damages limestone buildings

20
Q

How is acid rain prevented

A

Sulfur can be removed from the fuels before they are burned but it costs more and uses more energy
Power stations use limestone which reacts with the sulfur dioxide and neutralises it
Catalytic converters are used in cars to clean up the emissions

21
Q

What is global warming

A

The temp of the earth is a balance between the heat revived form the sun and the heat radiated back into space
The ozone layer act like an insulator so when the sun rays come into the atmosphere then reflect of of the Artus surface they trap some heat to keep us warm but as greenhouse gases increase they absorb more of the heat and re radiate it back to the earth so our earth gradually is heating up

22
Q

How does human activity effect carbon dioxide levels

A

Deforestation
carbon dioxide is released when the trees are burned
Micro organisms feed on the decaying wood and release co2 from respiration
Living trees do photosynthesis so if there are less trees then less co2 is removed form the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels

23
Q

What is iron seeding

A

Injecting iron into the upper oceans promotes the growth of plankton which takes co2 from the atmosphere
But there is no way of controlling the growth and some plankton are toxic and some micro organisms which decompose dead plankton use up oxygen creating dead zones in the sea

24
Q

Describe the making bio gas

A

Micro organisms are used to decompose living organisms water or dead plants to create biogas

25
Q

What is bio gas used for

A

Burned to heat water
Power turbines to generate electricity
Fuel for cars and buses

26
Q

What are the advantages of bio gas

A

It is renewable
The dead plants used to make bio gas used carbon dioxide when alive so this is only released when they are burned making the process carbon neutral
It is a clean fuel
The materials used are cheap and readily available

27
Q

How is ethanol produced

A

By using yeast to ferment sugars such as sugar cane or sugar beet
Cars can be adapted to run on semi ethanol fuels

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of ethanol production

A

Large amounts of land are needed to grow the product so less land can be used for the people of the country to grow food

29
Q

What are the advantages of ethanol

A

Using gasohol instead of pure ethanol means less crude oil is being used
The production of ethanol is carbon neutral but distilling the ethanol does Theke energy which releases some carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is a fuel cell

A

A fuel cell is an electrical cell that uses a fuel and oxygen and a reaction between them to generate electricity
It will keep producing energy as long as the fuel is restored

31
Q

What are the advantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A

They are much more efficient that power stations of batteries
The energy comes directly from the reaction so there are fewer places for the energy to be lost
There are no moving parts so energy isn’t lost through friction
There is no pollution

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A

Hydrogen is a gas so it takes up lots more space than liquid fuels
Hydrogen is very explosive so it wouldn’t really be safe
The hydrogen fuel often comes from hydrocarbons or electrolysis which takes energy

33
Q

Mass of fuel burned =

A

Initial mass of fuel and burner - final mass of fuel and burner

34
Q

Describe alkanes

A

They have single bonds between the chains of carbon
They are saturated hydrocarbons
They don’t turn bromine water colourless because they have no spare bonds
They don’t form polymers

35
Q

Describe alkenes

A

They are chains of carbon atoms with one ore more double bond
They are unsaturated hydrocarbons
They de colourise bromine water because they have spare bonds left

36
Q

Describe cracking of hydrocarbons

A

Long chain hydrocarbons aren’t useful so cracking breaks up the chains to make them more useful
For cracking to concur you need heat and a catalyst
The process make a shorter alkane molecule and alkenes

37
Q

What up are the properties of poly Ethene

A

Stretchy and light often used in plastic bags

38
Q

What are the properties of polypropene

A

It is tough but flexible so used for plastic containers or thermal under wear

39
Q

Describe polychloreothene

A

It is flexible and resistant to wear so used for lots of things like clothing electric cables and wires

40
Q

Why are plastics bad

A

They are non biodegradable so they will stay in landfill for a long time
When burned they can give off toxic gases
It is expensive and time consuming to separate plastics for recycling

Chemistry c1 (5 decks)

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