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M7 Mechanical Essay > Fuel And Icing > Flashcards

Fuel And Icing Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of engine uses which type of fuel?

A 
Aviation gas (avgas)- piston
Turbine fuels- gas turbine
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2
Q

What are the 3 avgas grades and colour codings?

A

80- red
100- green
100LL- blue

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3
Q

What is knocking?

A

When the fuel/air mixture does not ignite properly and air pockets outside of the normal combustion front explode instead. This creates shockwaves that creates a metallic pinging sound and increases the cylinder pressure.

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4
Q

What are the 3 turbine fuels and their freezing points in Celsius?

A

A- -40
A1- -47
B- -50

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5
Q

Can piston engine use turbine fuels?

A

No

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6
Q

Can a gas turbine engine use avgas fuels?

A

Yes but only for limited periods to stop a decrease in engine efficiency

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7
Q

What colour are turbine fuels?

A

Clear or straw

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8
Q

What are the two type of refuelling/defuelling?

A

Gravity or over wing

Pressure

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9
Q

How is pressure refuelling done?

A

Fuel is pumped into the tank from a refuelling coupling at high rates at around 50psi

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10
Q

What is the fill rate of pressure refuelling?

A

1000 gallons a minute

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11
Q

How does pressure defuelling work?

A

Similar to pressure refuelling but with a negative pressure around -11psi usually. This is done through pumps on the bowser or the fuel pumps themselves.

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12
Q

What is don with the drained fuel after a defuel?

A

Put in a dedicated bowser in case of a microbiological or water contamination

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13
Q

What is the fuelling zone area?

A

6m from the aircraft and fuelling equipment.

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14
Q

What is is the minimum distance no smoking signs should be placed from the fuelling area?

A

15m

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15
Q

Why should refuelling be done outside?

A

To minimise the risk of a fire due to high concentrations of inflammable vapours

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16
Q

What should be bonded together for fuelling operations?

A

Aircraft to ground
Bowser to aircraft
Bowser to ground
Refuel head to aircraft

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17
Q

What should be done to help avoid contamination of the fuel causing issues during flight?

A

Regularly check the fuel for water and microbes.

Using a filter for over wing fuelling to avoid contamination in dusty climates

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18
Q

What should and shouldn’t be near or in fuelling zones?

A

Fire extinguishers- in

Sparks/ignition sources- out

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19
Q

Should electrics be on during fuelling operations?

A

It doesn’t matter, as long it is not switched on or off during the operation

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20
Q

Where should a GPU be positioned in relation to fuelling operations?

A

As far away from fuel ports and vents as possible

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21
Q

How should fuel spillages be dealt with?

A

Cleaned up immediately, NOT emptied into the drains, warning signs placed at spillage area until vapours have cleared

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22
Q

How should the bowser be set up?

A

Facing away from the aircraft with a clear exit path, earthed to the aircraft and ground

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23
Q

Should chocks be at the wheels during refuelling?

A

Yes but further away from the wheels to allow for expansion

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24
Q

What dictates the cold weather procedures of a company?

A

Climatic conditions of the location
Available equipment and materials
Cold weather experience

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25
Q

Should sand and salt be used for clearing snow around aircraft?

A

No, keep it away from aircraft as much as possible

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26
Q

What should be done after flight in relation to the galleys and drinking water systems during cold weather?

A

Drain fluids and clean both systems, including toilets

Remove any food from the galley

27
Q

What condition should the aircraft be left in after flight in cold weather?

A

Brakes off when parked
Covers installed on probes, engines, etc.
Landing gear locks installed

28
Q

What should be done when draining oil from piston engines?

A

Do it while it’s hot

29
Q

When should antifreeze be applied after flight and where?

A

If the aircraft is wet

Underside of covers before fitting, after ice melted and drained from ports

30
Q

What should be done before flight in cold weather?

A 
Remove covers
Remove ice and snow
Check heaters
Use blow heaters
Normal preflight checks
Preheat engines
31
Q

What should be done if the aircraft does not take off in a certain time period during cold weather?

A

Clear off any ice/ snow and preheat the engines again

32
Q

What is hoar frost and how does it occur?

A

White feathery ice that builds up on the surface

Occurs when on the ground

33
Q

What issues can hoar frost cause?

A

The weight of the deposit is not serious, but could interfere with areas such as airflow and the working of free moving parts

34
Q

What is rime ice and when does it occur?

A

An opaque rough deposit less dense than glaze ice
Is light and porous with large amounts of trapped air in them
Occurs on the ground in freezing fog conditions that cause the water particles to freeze with little expansion

35
Q

What issues could be caused by rime ice?

A

Could interfere with airflow and choke orifices for areas such as carburettor or intakes

36
Q

What causes debris ice?

A

Slick/snow being blown onto the aircraft from multiple potential causes such as wind, passing vehicles, etc.

37
Q

What is glaze ice and how does it occur?

A

Dense glassy ice

Occurs during freezing rain conditions when airframe is below freezing point

38
Q

What are the effects of glaze ice on aircraft?

A

Weight increase
Aerodynamic disruption
Can take chunks out of the aircraft when it brakes off due to how well it sticks

39
Q

How can pack snow affect aircraft?

A

Can form glaze ice on top due to the moisture in the snow

40
Q

How are the aerodynamics affected by ice build up?

A

Loss of lift
Increased drag
Decrease in propeller efficiency

41
Q

How can ice affect control surfaces and wing loading?

A

Increased load on wings due to more weight from the ice
Loss of control- control surfaces can’t move
Increased risk of fluttering on control surfaces

42
Q

What are some other effects caused by ice build up?

A 
Reduced stalling speed
Loss of vision
Loss of stability- off balanced CofG
Propeller vibration
Malfunction of instruments 
Ice debris damage
43
Q

How are de-icing fluids normally applied to aircraft?

A

Heated

44
Q

What sort of fluids would be used for de-icing?

A

Heated water
Newtonian fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids
Mixtures of water and either Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid

45
Q

Why would antifreeze be applied to aircraft?

A

To prevent a build up of ice or snow for a limited period of time

46
Q

What fluids could be used for antifreeze layers?

A

Newtonian fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids
Mixtures of water and either Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid

47
Q

When des the holdover time begin?

A

At the beginning of the application of the antifreeze

48
Q

What are the 2 types of de-/anti-icing?

A

One step

Two step

49
Q

What is one step de-/anti-icing?

A

The aircraft is deiced and he fluid left gives a limited anti ice protection

50
Q

What is two step de-/anti-icing?

A

The aircraft is deiced and then has a layer of antifreeze applied

51
Q

What factors can determine if de icing is required or if icing could happen?

A

Temperature of fuel in wing tanks (icing)
Weather conditions (deicing)
Flaps and slats not fully retracted (deicing)

52
Q

When doing a preflight inspection what is recommended?

A

Inspecting critical surfaces by hand

Do from a position that covers all surfaces clearly

53
Q

Which fluid type is mainly used for de icing?

A

Type 1

54
Q

80% of type 1 fluids must contain what?

A

Mono ethylene-glycol
Diethylene-glycol
Monopropylene- glycol
A mixture of the above

55
Q

What does the other 20% of type 1 fluid contain?

A

Inhibitors to restrict corrosion and increase flash point

56
Q

What does at least 50% of types 2 and 4 contain?

A

Mono ethylene-glycol
Diethylene-glycol
Monopropylene- glycol
A mixture of the above

57
Q

What does the other 50% of type 2 and 4 fluids contain?

A

Inhibitors and thickening agents

58
Q

Which types of de icing fluid has the longer holdover time?

A

Types 2 and 4

59
Q

What factors cloud shorten the hold over time for an aircraft?

A 
Severe weather
Strong winds/jet blasts
Application method
Fluid age and condition
Wing temp being lower than OAT
60
Q

What information will always be contained in the anti-icing code?

A

Type of fluid
Ratio of water/fluid mix
Time application began (preferably local)

61
Q

What does the octane number represent?

A

Resistance to knocking

62
Q

What is the downside to one step de/anti icing?

A

The fluid gives limited protection against icing.

63
Q

Which type of de/anti icing does not require the ratio of fluid to water in its code?

A

Type 1

64
Q

Can radio and radar systems operate during fuelling operations?

A

No

M7 Mechanical Essay (4 decks)

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