Fuel And Icing

Question 1

Which type of engine uses which type of fuel?

Answer 1

Aviation gas (avgas)- piston
Turbine fuels- gas turbine

Question 2

What are the 3 avgas grades and colour codings?

Answer 2

80- red
100- green
100LL- blue

Question 3

What is knocking?

Answer 3

When the fuel/air mixture does not ignite properly and air pockets outside of the normal combustion front explode instead. This creates shockwaves that creates a metallic pinging sound and increases the cylinder pressure.

Question 4

What are the 3 turbine fuels and their freezing points in Celsius?

Answer 4

A- -40
A1- -47
B- -50

Question 5

Can piston engine use turbine fuels?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

Can a gas turbine engine use avgas fuels?

Answer 6

Yes but only for limited periods to stop a decrease in engine efficiency

Question 7

What colour are turbine fuels?

Answer 7

Clear or straw

Question 8

What are the two type of refuelling/defuelling?

Answer 8

Gravity or over wing

Pressure

Question 9

How is pressure refuelling done?

Answer 9

Fuel is pumped into the tank from a refuelling coupling at high rates at around 50psi

Question 10

What is the fill rate of pressure refuelling?

Answer 10

1000 gallons a minute

Question 11

How does pressure defuelling work?

Answer 11

Similar to pressure refuelling but with a negative pressure around -11psi usually. This is done through pumps on the bowser or the fuel pumps themselves.

Question 12

What is don with the drained fuel after a defuel?

Answer 12

Put in a dedicated bowser in case of a microbiological or water contamination

Question 13

What is the fuelling zone area?

Answer 13

6m from the aircraft and fuelling equipment.

Question 14

What is is the minimum distance no smoking signs should be placed from the fuelling area?

Answer 14

15m

Question 15

Why should refuelling be done outside?

Answer 15

To minimise the risk of a fire due to high concentrations of inflammable vapours

Question 16

What should be bonded together for fuelling operations?

Answer 16

Aircraft to ground
Bowser to aircraft
Bowser to ground
Refuel head to aircraft

Question 17

What should be done to help avoid contamination of the fuel causing issues during flight?

Answer 17

Regularly check the fuel for water and microbes.

Using a filter for over wing fuelling to avoid contamination in dusty climates

Question 18

What should and shouldn’t be near or in fuelling zones?

Answer 18

Fire extinguishers- in

Sparks/ignition sources- out

Question 19

Should electrics be on during fuelling operations?

Answer 19

It doesn’t matter, as long it is not switched on or off during the operation

Question 20

Where should a GPU be positioned in relation to fuelling operations?

Answer 20

As far away from fuel ports and vents as possible

Question 21

How should fuel spillages be dealt with?

Answer 21

Cleaned up immediately, NOT emptied into the drains, warning signs placed at spillage area until vapours have cleared

Question 22

How should the bowser be set up?

Answer 22

Facing away from the aircraft with a clear exit path, earthed to the aircraft and ground

Question 23

Should chocks be at the wheels during refuelling?

Answer 23

Yes but further away from the wheels to allow for expansion

Question 24

What dictates the cold weather procedures of a company?

Answer 24

Climatic conditions of the location
Available equipment and materials
Cold weather experience

Question 25

Should sand and salt be used for clearing snow around aircraft?

Answer 25

No, keep it away from aircraft as much as possible

Question 26

What should be done after flight in relation to the galleys and drinking water systems during cold weather?

Answer 26

Drain fluids and clean both systems, including toilets | Remove any food from the galley

Question 27

What condition should the aircraft be left in after flight in cold weather?

Answer 27

Brakes off when parked Covers installed on probes, engines, etc. Landing gear locks installed

Question 28

What should be done when draining oil from piston engines?

Answer 28

Do it while it’s hot

Question 29

When should antifreeze be applied after flight and where?

Answer 29

If the aircraft is wet | Underside of covers before fitting, after ice melted and drained from ports

Question 30

What should be done before flight in cold weather?

Answer 30

``` Remove covers Remove ice and snow Check heaters Use blow heaters Normal preflight checks Preheat engines ```

Question 31

What should be done if the aircraft does not take off in a certain time period during cold weather?

Answer 31

Clear off any ice/ snow and preheat the engines again

Question 32

What is hoar frost and how does it occur?

Answer 32

White feathery ice that builds up on the surface | Occurs when on the ground

Question 33

What issues can hoar frost cause?

Answer 33

The weight of the deposit is not serious, but could interfere with areas such as airflow and the working of free moving parts

Question 34

What is rime ice and when does it occur?

Answer 34

An opaque rough deposit less dense than glaze ice Is light and porous with large amounts of trapped air in them Occurs on the ground in freezing fog conditions that cause the water particles to freeze with little expansion

Question 35

What issues could be caused by rime ice?

Answer 35

Could interfere with airflow and choke orifices for areas such as carburettor or intakes

Question 36

What causes debris ice?

Answer 36

Slick/snow being blown onto the aircraft from multiple potential causes such as wind, passing vehicles, etc.

Question 37

What is glaze ice and how does it occur?

Answer 37

Dense glassy ice | Occurs during freezing rain conditions when airframe is below freezing point

Question 38

What are the effects of glaze ice on aircraft?

Answer 38

Weight increase Aerodynamic disruption Can take chunks out of the aircraft when it brakes off due to how well it sticks

Question 39

How can pack snow affect aircraft?

Answer 39

Can form glaze ice on top due to the moisture in the snow

Question 40

How are the aerodynamics affected by ice build up?

Answer 40

Loss of lift Increased drag Decrease in propeller efficiency

Question 41

How can ice affect control surfaces and wing loading?

Answer 41

Increased load on wings due to more weight from the ice Loss of control- control surfaces can’t move Increased risk of fluttering on control surfaces

Question 42

What are some other effects caused by ice build up?

Answer 42

``` Reduced stalling speed Loss of vision Loss of stability- off balanced CofG Propeller vibration Malfunction of instruments Ice debris damage ```

Question 43

How are de-icing fluids normally applied to aircraft?

Answer 43

Heated

Question 44

What sort of fluids would be used for de-icing?

Answer 44

Heated water Newtonian fluids Non-Newtonian fluids Mixtures of water and either Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid

Question 45

Why would antifreeze be applied to aircraft?

Answer 45

To prevent a build up of ice or snow for a limited period of time

Question 46

What fluids could be used for antifreeze layers?

Answer 46

Newtonian fluids Non-Newtonian fluids Mixtures of water and either Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid

Question 47

When des the holdover time begin?

Answer 47

At the beginning of the application of the antifreeze

Question 48

What are the 2 types of de-/anti-icing?

Answer 48

One step | Two step

Question 49

What is one step de-/anti-icing?

Answer 49

The aircraft is deiced and he fluid left gives a limited anti ice protection

Question 50

What is two step de-/anti-icing?

Answer 50

The aircraft is deiced and then has a layer of antifreeze applied

Question 51

What factors can determine if de icing is required or if icing could happen?

Answer 51

Temperature of fuel in wing tanks (icing) Weather conditions (deicing) Flaps and slats not fully retracted (deicing)

Question 52

When doing a preflight inspection what is recommended?

Answer 52

Inspecting critical surfaces by hand | Do from a position that covers all surfaces clearly

Question 53

Which fluid type is mainly used for de icing?

Answer 53

Type 1

Question 54

80% of type 1 fluids must contain what?

Answer 54

Mono ethylene-glycol Diethylene-glycol Monopropylene- glycol A mixture of the above

Question 55

What does the other 20% of type 1 fluid contain?

Answer 55

Inhibitors to restrict corrosion and increase flash point

Question 56

What does at least 50% of types 2 and 4 contain?

Answer 56

Mono ethylene-glycol Diethylene-glycol Monopropylene- glycol A mixture of the above

Question 57

What does the other 50% of type 2 and 4 fluids contain?

Answer 57

Inhibitors and thickening agents

Question 58

Which types of de icing fluid has the longer holdover time?

Answer 58

Types 2 and 4

Question 59

What factors cloud shorten the hold over time for an aircraft?

Answer 59

``` Severe weather Strong winds/jet blasts Application method Fluid age and condition Wing temp being lower than OAT ```

Question 60

What information will always be contained in the anti-icing code?

Answer 60

Type of fluid Ratio of water/fluid mix Time application began (preferably local)

Question 61

What does the octane number represent?

Answer 61

Resistance to knocking

Question 62

What is the downside to one step de/anti icing?

Answer 62

The fluid gives limited protection against icing.

Question 63

Which type of de/anti icing does not require the ratio of fluid to water in its code?

Answer 63

Type 1

Question 64

Can radio and radar systems operate during fuelling operations?

Answer 64

No