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CH1301 > Fuel and Energy > Flashcards

Fuel and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between hydrogen and hydrocarbons

A
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2
Q

oils are all large ____

A

hydrocarbons

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3
Q

UK only has ___ years of natural gas left

A

6.

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4
Q

what is “fracking”

A

cracking underground rocks with high pressure liquid. used to extract oil and natural gas from deep underground.

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5
Q

what is a downside of fracking?

A

uses a lot of water between 5 and 13 million litres.

it can also encourage earthquakes.

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6
Q

what’s the first step in processing natural gas

A

reforming, this is heating with a small amount of steam which forms synthesis gas. (mix of H2 and CO2.)

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7
Q

is coal or oil more common

A

coal

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8
Q

what are some waste products of burning coal

A

SO, NO and other heavy metals

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9
Q

what are examples of biofuels

A

ethanol and methanol

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10
Q

what are negatives of biomass

A

deforestation, burning the plants and wood produces CO2, can compete with food production.

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11
Q

what are positives of biomass

A

made from renewable sources such as plants and burn cleaner than petroleum fuels.

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12
Q

what are negatives of hydrogen as a fuel

A

colourless and odorless . can be bad if catches on fire.

not easy to move and hard to pump.

Hydrogen reacts with the atmosphere to increase the concentration of greenhouse gases like methane or ozone.

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13
Q

negatives of ammonia as a fuel

A

its toxic

emits lots of pollutants.

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14
Q

what is combustion

A

exothermic reaction between a fuel and oxygen

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15
Q

what is complete combustion

A

only produces CO2 and H2O

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16
Q

what is incomplete combustion

A

occurs when there is not enough oxygen to fully burn the fuel.

produces CO + C(soot) + water

it also produces much less energy than complete combustion.

17
Q

what is a thermal power generation?

A

using steam power created by burning oil, liquid natural gas (LNG), coal, and other substances to rotate generators and create electricity.

18
Q

examples of non-thermal energy sources

A

hydro
tidal
wind
wave

19
Q

examples of direct energy

A

photovoltaic cells - conversion of light into electricity. (solar panels)

fuels cells - 2 electrodes , similar to a battery.

20
Q

what is Carnots theorem ?

A

no heat engine can be more efficient than a Carnot engine when operating between the same two heat reservoirs.

it sets a thermodynamic limit on efficiency of heat engine.

21
Q

what is the symbol for carnots theorem

A

n

22
Q

what is the equation for carnots theorem ?

A

n = max work (energy out) / heat in
= Th - Tc /Th

Th is hot reservoir temp in K
Tc is col reservoir temp in K

23
Q

how is hydrogen fuel produced

A

splitting up water

H20 -> 2H+ + 2e-

2H+ + 2e- -> H2

24
Q

what example is used for the negatives of hydrogen

A

hindenburg disaster.

  • an electrostatic discharge (spark) ignited the hydrogen and created an explosion.
  • it killed 35 people.
25
Q

what are bio-diesel made from and what are they use for

A
  • combining alcohols with vegetable oils.
  • used in existing diesel engines without modification.
26
Q

what is transesterification?

A

a chemical reaction that exchanges the alkyl groups of an ester with an alcohol, producing esters and glycerol.

it can be used in diesel engines.

27
Q

what are the negatives to biofuels

A

taking away from food production

not enough space in the world to grow enough bio fuels

28
Q

what is DME (dimethyl ether)

A

can be used as a replacement for hydrocarbons.

second generation biofuel

29
Q

what is the difference between a first and second generation biofuel

A

first generation are made from food sources such as sugar, oils, corns,

second generations are made from non food sources such as straw, grass, wood.

30
Q

what is the definition of energy

A

the capacity of a system to do work

31
Q

what is the definition of fuel

A

something consumed to produce energy.

32
Q

what is the difference between renewable and sustainable ?

A

renewable is based on a self replenishing system whereas sustainable is to do with a economic, social and environmental balance.

33
Q

how do you calculate the molar volume with density

A

GFM / Density

34
Q

how do you calculate the Volume Energy Density

A

enthalpy of combustion / molar volume

35
Q

name 2 uses of coal

A

power generation and steel production

36
Q

name 2 uses of oil

A

fuel production and petrochemical manufacturing

37
Q

how is coal collected

A

surface mining and underground mining

38
Q

how is oil collected

A

primary - natural pressure, oil is pushed to surface
secondary - water/gas is injected in, increasing the pressure
tertiary - chemical flooding

39
Q
A

CH1301 (7 decks)

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