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CH1301 > everyday chemicals > Flashcards

everyday chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetic alterations

A

one compound changing the bioavailability or clearance of another.

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2
Q

what are the 4 ways pharmaceuticals can be mixed.

A
  1. pharmacokinetics alterations
  2. antagonism
  3. dose additivity
  4. response additivity
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3
Q

examples of Pharmacokinetic alterations

A

grapefruit juice + felodipine

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4
Q

Antagonism

A

one compound protecting against the adverse eJects of another (this can lead to reduced toxicity).

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5
Q

Dose additivity

A

compounds with the same mechanism of action (like adding doses).

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6
Q

Response additivity

A

different mechanisms of action but the same overall response (adding responses rather than doses)

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7
Q

examples of response additivity

A

red clover - prevents acne, but can lead to an imbalance in estrogen.

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8
Q

what are the misconceptions around the safety of herbal use?

A

plants do not create these secondary metabolites for the benefits of humans. Instead, they create them to attract pollinators or to repel herbivores.

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9
Q

the difference between homeopathy and herbal medicines

A

homeopathy - “like should be treated with like”. (vaccines)

herbal medicines - use dried plant matter to treat the symptoms.

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10
Q

variables that influence the quality of HMPs - 4

A

the part of the plant used, the time of harvest, environmental conditions during growth,
storage conditions.

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11
Q

common contaminants in HMPs.

A

based on their origin and storage conditions.
- mould, fungi and rodents to pesticides.

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12
Q

individuals most at risk from HMP use.

A

pregnant and breast feeding mothers, and those taking herbal medicine over taking prescription drugs.

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13
Q

Explain how the 1950’s case termed the Minamata Bay Disease occur?

A

in Japan, a chemical plant was using mercury as a catalyst to synthesis acetaldehyde.

the mercury managed to get into the Minamata bay where bacteria converted the mercury into [MeHg+].

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14
Q

what were the consequences of the Minamata bay disease ?

A

numbness in limbs, lips and the tongue, deafness and visual disturbances and even death.

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15
Q

sketch a typical advise dose-response curve with labelled axes and with RfD, NOAEL, BMD and LOAEL also clearly labelled.

A
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16
Q

how does oestrogen end up in surface water and what are the consequences.

A

from birth control pills, oestrogen ends up going from sewage to surface water. if not full removed they are then exposed more by humans as the sewage sludge is then used by farmers as a cheap form of fertiliser.

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17
Q

Melamine in baby formula

A

melamine was deliberately added to baby formula due to the high nitrogen content, which made it seem as though it had a higher protein content.

led to 6 deaths, and lost of illness In china.

melamine acts as a kidney toxicant.

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18
Q

Oxybenzene in sunscreens

A

indroduced in the 1950s.

beneficial in sunscreens as it absorbs UV light.

banned in some places as it damages coral reefs, and shown in mince studies that it reduces sperm counts.

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19
Q

PFAS - what does it stand for

A

PerFluoroAlkyl Substances

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20
Q

PFAS - what are they ?

A

fully saturated with C-F bonds making them very persistent with nature, making them known as forever chemicals (long half life).

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21
Q

PFAS - what are they used for?

A

coating frying pans, cleaning products and cosmetics.

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22
Q

what are examples of PFAS?

A

PFOA, PFOS and GenX.

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23
Q

what adverse effects do PFAS cause in humans ?

A

diabetes.

24
Q

where are PFAS found?

A

soil, water, air.

25
Q

Transgenerational toxicity

A

this is when your parents are exposed to chemicals that then affect their offspring and further generations.

hard to study in animals as giving the animals drugs can cause stress and we won’t know if its the stress causing the adverse birth affects or the drugs.

26
Q

Heavy metal poisoning - university professor.

A

a university professor dies following exposure from 2 drops of dimethyl mercury on her lab glove.

the first symptoms were seen 5 months later which included slurred speech and a loss of balance.

27
Q

what is PFAO (perfluorooctanoic acid)

A

8 carbon C-F saturated, used for frying pan coatings and smartphone coatings as they are resistant to fingerprint oils.

28
Q

what are PFAS (PFAO) classified as ?

A

forever chemicals.

29
Q

PFAO was banned and replaced with …

A

GenX

30
Q

gene can be synthesised from…

A

HFPO

31
Q

info about GenX

A

its a more sustainable replacement for PFOA, less toxic and less bioaccumlative,

rat studies shave shown tumour formations on several organs.

32
Q

case study of GenX and PFASs

A

seen in drinking water in North Carolina close to where the GenX factory is located.

also seen in Arizona due to a military base using PFAs in fire fighting foams.

resistants have raised PFAS in their blood, causing affects to their liver.

33
Q

what is Fluoxetine

A

classified as a lipophilic drug.
antidepressant.
not currently classified as a PFAS, however could be if chemicals which contain at least one fully fluorinates methyl carbon is concidered to be a PFAS. this means it could be banned in the future.

34
Q

Why is chemical exposure to pharmaceuticals seen as a potentially greater risk
when viewed alongside chemical exposure to non-pharmaceuticals?

A

pharmaceutical agents are designed to be readily bioavailable, and work on targeting a specific biological target within the body. [THIS IS PART OF THE TOXIC TRIAD]

Pharmaceutical agents are also made in pure form, which can be good unless consumed by the wrong individual.

35
Q

what is Lipophilicity

A

is the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids (fatty compounds found in our bodies) or non-polar solvents.

36
Q

a high log P value =

A

hydrophobic compound

37
Q

a low log P value =

A

hydrophilic compound

38
Q

how do you find the partition coefficient ? (P)

A
  1. drug mixed in octane / drug mixed in water.
  2. take the log of the value
39
Q

what is the precautionary principle?

A
  • If you are uncertain of the adverse consequences of an action, then avoid that action.
40
Q

what are the parts of the 3 Brain model ?

A
  1. Arachicortex
  2. Paleocortext
  3. Neocortex
41
Q

what does the Neocortex do?

A

controls thinking reasoning and language.

42
Q

what does the Paleocortex do?

A

emotional Brian and gut instincts

43
Q

what does the Arachicortex do ?

A

essential functions (breathing, heartbeat.)

44
Q

what are the 3 parts of the toxic triad?

A
  1. Chemical persistence in the environment - if a compound is more stable or has a big half life its going to be more persistent In the environment.
  2. Bioaccumulation in fatty tissues - chemicals can build up in fatty tissue and then feed back into the bodies circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) at a slow, steady rate.
  3. Its ability to target a specific biological process.
45
Q

what is the Millard reaction?

A

happens when food starts to colour when cooking.

if you were to add more protein to your food this will add more nucleophile and therefore allow for more of the reaction to occur.

46
Q

what is formed when starchy foods are cooked at high temperatures?

A

acrylamide

47
Q

the more carbons and fluorines molecules, the ___ the lipolphilicty value

A

higher

48
Q

10000 ppt = ____ ppb

A

10 ppb

49
Q

the higher the RfD the ____ the compound

A

safer

50
Q

what do reusable plastic water bottles contain?

A

bisphenol-A (BPA)

51
Q

BPA stimulates …

A

the development of feminisation characteristics. to much exposure can cause defects in Brian development

52
Q

we use ____ to replace BPA

A

BPS, however this may also leach into water

53
Q

what is contained into disposable plastic bottles

A

BPA free but contain other estrogenic chemicals called PHTHALATES. this makes the plastics soft enough to crush.

54
Q

first step in CV calculations

A

calculate the daily intake

55
Q

second step in CV calculations

A

quantify the hazard by calculating the chronic value.
root(NOAEL x LOAEL)

56
Q

third step in CV calculations

A

calculate the risk quotient = intake / RfD

if the risk quotient is less than 1.0 is has a low risk of hazard.

57
Q

name 3 uses for chlorofluorocarbons

A
  1. air conditioning
  2. cleaning products
  3. inhalers

CH1301 (7 decks)

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