FUEL Flashcards
1
Q
When should “minimum fuel” be declared?
A
When you are restricted to one airport and the pilot calculates that any change to the existing clearance may result in land with less than Fixed Fuel Reserves
2
Q
When Should “Mayday” fuel be declared?
A
The PIC shall declare a fuel emergency “mayday” fuel when the calculated fuel on landing will be less then the Fixed fuel reserve upon the completion of the landing roll.
“ Mayday Mayday Mayday Fuel Qantas 7532”
note: this is an emergency situation and aircraft will be given priority over other traffic in the landing sequence.
3
Q
What fuel would be included in the Additional Fuel
A
Any fuel in excess of the preflight requirements.
fuel shown as additional fuel may cover;
- ETOPS icing requirements
- CDL or MEL requirements.
- Tankering
- CAV requirements
- Building the fuel up to the minimum order for type
4
Q
What is the Approach fuel allowance?
A
1000Kg
5
Q
What is Ballast Fuel?
A
- Weight and balance trim purposes only
- it appears on load sheet as adjustment to the Dry operating weight.
- not included in takeoff fuel and cannot be used, jettisoned or included in reserves.
6
Q
What is contingency fuel?
A
The additional fuel (when necessary) to meet engine failure, depressurisation ETOPS or DPA diversion fuel requirements
7
Q
Explain DPA
A
Designated point Engines Operating
- essentially a PNR
- A point on the fuel plan furthest removed from the departure airport from which the aircraft may fly and then divert to a suitable airport with all engines operating whilst meeting the Inflight fuel requirements
- DPA calculations shown on flight plans for all sectors greater than 1000NM
8
Q
Explain DPD
A
Designated Point Depressurised
- Equi fuel point
- The most fuel critical point on track from which the same fuel is required to proceed to either two Acceptable Airports following a depressurisation at 14000’ to the limit of the oxygen endurance and the at 10000’ to arrive with the Fixed Fuel Reserve
- Uses two Acceptable Airports.
- Preflight, must have enough fuel to permit depressurised flight to an acceptable airport from any point enrolee with the fixed fuel reserve and approach fuel.
- Will be shown on flight plans with a great circle distance of greater than 1000nm except where known availability of emergency/ adequate airports make it unnecessary, e.g. Western Europe.
9
Q
Explain DP1
A
- The most fuel critical point on track from which the same fuel is required to proceed to either of two suitable airports
- Pre flight, The fuel must be sufficient to permit a flight to either suitable airport with on engine inoperative, plus 5% of that fuel, Approach fuel, fixed reserve and special holding (when required for adverse weather)
- When suitable airport not available may be based on an Adequate airport which is above the alternate criteria
- shown on flight plan when great circle distance is greater than 1000nm
10
Q
What is Diversion Fuel?
A
Fuel required from 1500’ to 200’ at the destination followed by go-around and flight to 1500’ at the alternate.
11
Q
What is Driftdown Fuel?
A
Allowance made in one engine inoperative flight calculations for drifting down to the optimum flight level following an engine failure
12
Q
What is fixed fuel reserve (FFR)?
A
- 30 min of holding at 1500’
- min fuel required at the end of the landing roll
13
Q
What is Flight fuel?
A
- Fuel from the commencement of the takeoff roll to 1500’ at the destination.
14
Q
What is Endurance Over Destination (EOD)?
A
- The EOD is endurance planned to be remaining at 1500’ at the destination.
- calculated at the holding rate at 1500’
- Unless payload limited, the EOD will not be less than 65 min for normal operations
15
Q
What is Payload fuel?
A
- considered part of the ZFW
- carried in centre tanks only
- to satisfy MEL dispatch requirements.
- May be consumed provided:
- The MEL requirements are met
- Weight and balance limits are observed
- All fuel system limitations are observed
16
Q
Reserve Fuel?
A
All fuel in excess of the total of;
- taxi fuel
- flight fuel
- approach fuel
- ballast fuel
17
Q
Set Heading Allowance?
A
a time and fuel allowance included in the flight plan for manoeuvring at airports known to have lengthy departure procedures
18
Q
What is Special Holding Fuel?
A
- ATC holding
- WX holding
- Fuel required for operations to an isolated airport
- calculated at holding fuel flow at 20000’
19
Q
Explain special holding fuel when simultaneous ATC holding in Australia and WX holding?
A
- When Tempo Requirements;
- ATC holding fuel should be added to the tempo fuel but total special holding fuel should not exceed 60 min
- When Inter Requirements;
- ATC holding should be added to Inter fuel but total special holding fuel should not exceed 40 min
- unless 60 min required due Inter thunderstorms.
20
Q
What is the procedure if there are Inter thunderstorms forecast?
A
Preflight
- Plan 60 min special holding.
- Payload permitting
- where operationally possible
21
Q
What if the ATC holding is more than 40 min?
A
the total ATC holding must be carried.
22
Q
What is Taxi Fuel?
A
- 30Kg/ min
- normally 400kg including 100kg for APU
- May be varied by the pilot in command as necessary.
23
Q
What is Variable Fuel reserve?
A
- 10% of flight fuel (and diversion fuel when required) with a maximum of 1500Kg
- note; if no suitable airport is available to base the DPA on then VR must be 10% of the total flight fuel i.e with no max of 1500Kg
- Variable can be reduced ;
- 10 % of the flight fuel from DPA to destination (and diversion fuel when required)
- can be further reduced to 0 and the flight can depart and proceed to the DPA based on a Suitable Airport.
- if the above reduced VR is applied then additional fuel will be planned to the limiting brakes release weight
24
Q
What are the preflight requirements?
A
- Taxi
- Flight Fuel
- Approach fuel
- Diversion Fuel
- Variable Fuel reserve (VFR) (may be reduced)
- Fixed fuel reserve (FFR)
- special holding Fuel (when required)
- Contingency fuel (when required)
- Arrival Allowance (If applicable)
25
When do the inflight fuel requirements start?
After Fuel uplift.
26
What are the inflight fuel requirements?
- Fuel to proceed to a suitable airport
- 10 % of the above
- approach fuel
- fixed fuel reserve
- special holding fuel (when required)
note;
-suitable airport may be in order of priority
-Destination airport
- An alternate airport following an missed approach
at destination, if the destination requires an
alternate
- Any other suitable airport to which an enroute
diversion can be made.
27
If a delay should occur or you return to blocks does the aircraft need to refuel?
It may subsequently depart provided the fuel at brakes release is not less than trip fuel + inflight reserves.
28
What is the PIC required to do to the prior to DPA
Prior to DPA PIC is required to asses the inflight fuel requirements will be met. If unable to continue to destination than must be able to satisfy the inflight fuel requirements to a suitable airport which may involve diversion to DPA or another suitable airport of the crews choosing.
29
What is AV1?
Approved Variations = operations to isolated Airports.
- Current designated isolated airports;
- Tahiti
- Honiara
- Naru
- Special holding fuel of 90 minutes available in lieu of diversion fuel and other special holding fuel irrespective of destination forecast.
- In flight if an alternate is required the flight may continue beyond the DPA provided that the normal inflight requirements are met with the 90 min special holding fuel
and the destination forecast is to remain above the landing minima for a period of 2 hrs after the ETA.
Note; this is not applicable to Remote Airports ( Christmas , Lord Howe and Norfolk islands) the flight may only pass DPA is an alternate is required at destination if the diversion fuel is carried.
- In flight, should the destination airport not require an alternate the 90min special holding fuel in no longer required.
Note; For DP1, DPD and CPE purposes, an isolated airport may be considered suitable irrespective of the forecast when the special holding fuel of 90 min is included in the applicable calculations
30
What is AV2?
AV2 = Operations to non-australian ports
- Preflight
- enough fuel for a diversion from destination to a suitable alternate.
- nominated on the flight plan
- Takeoff alternates from non Australian ports must be within 415nm
31
What is AV3?
AV3 = Preflight requirements when an onward airport is not available for DPD
- preflight
- When onward ACCEPTABLE airport is not available the aircraft may depart but must not continue past DPD unless an acceptable airport is available and sufficient fuel exists to proceed to that airport depressurised and land with FFR.
- inflight, if onwards airport is INTER/TEMPO below landing minima, must carry that holding fuel. calculated at 10000' or lower.
32
What is AV4?
AV4 = When onward SUITABLE is not available for DP1
- Preflight
- may depart but not go past DP1 unless a suitable is available and fuel on board to proceed to that airport with one engine inoperative. and land with FFR
33
What is AV5?
AV5 = Preflight requirements when an onward Airport from CPE is not available for CPE
- Preflight
- when onwards Useable Adequate is not available, may depart but not go past the CPE unless a required useable adequate is available and sufficient fuel is onboard to proceed to that airport while complying with the most fuel critical ETOPS fuel reserves?
34
What is AV7?
AV7 = Severe low level turbulence
- 767 = 2000kg
- or fuel to hold to the end of forecast turbulence + 30 min
- if alternate is planned then not needed.
35
What is planned additional fuel?
- meet the requirements of AV or fuel Tankering.
36
When are we not allowed to Tanker fuel?
- Ice, snow or slush is forecast at the destination.
- the destination runway is forecast to be wet and;
- NOTAM advises of reduced braking for any reason
- note: if forecast indicates TS,RA, or heavy RASH the
runway is considered WET.
- Landing runway has displaced threshold due to RWY works
- When company advises specifically that tankering should not be undertaken on a particular sector.
37
What is the standard tankering limitations?
- TOW should not exceed 170000kg when tankering
- LW needs to be 2000kg below MLW
- LDA should be at least 300m more than the OLD
- The arrival fuel should not exceed the next sector fuel
+ APU usage
38
What is the min distance portable electronic devises can be ON to a refusing truck?
- 3 meters
| - inside cabin if doors are open and within 3 meters from above filling points, vents or refuelling equipment.
39
Distances from fuelling aircraft?
- 5m of sealed building
- 6m of other aircraft
- 15 m of any exposed public area
- 15 m of any unsealed building.
40
What is the CAO that deals with Refuelling?
CAO 20.9
41
What should you do if you have a major fuel spill?
CAO 20.9
If there is a fuel spill likely to create a fire hazard within 15 m of the aircraft the aircraft should;
- Notify fire services
- Stop refuelling
- Remove any passengers to a point further than 15 m away, and
- Stop any maintenance actions.
- shut down any loaders nothing should recommence until fire hazard has been removed
42
Explain the Fuel uplift discrepancy check?
| What happens if check shows a discrepancy ?
Uplift Fuel Discrepancy Calculation PIC responsibility to ensure total fuel on board agrees with departure fuel required. Expected fuel uplift must be compared to actual uplift. If within +1000kg the FQIS indicated fuel quantity is deemed the fuel on board.
Anytime the allowable discrepancy is exceeded:
- Flight crew should carefully re-check figures, calculations and SG etc.
- Take into account APU fuel consumption
- If discrepancy cannot be resolved, engineering to perform a stick check. If discrepancy exists between stick check figures and FQIS, stick check shall be considered as the accurate baseline for fuel on board.
- At a non-maintenance port where stick check cannot be conducted:
- Techlog entry is to be made,
- The lower of calculated and FQIS is used for departure fuel, and
- The higher of calculated and FQIS shall be used to weight and balance purposes.
43
Explain the after landing fuel discrepancy check?
Arrival Fuel Discrepancy Calculation Arrival fuel annotated in the “ARR FUEL” field in the aircraft techlog. Comparing the fuel indicated by the FQIS and calculated fuel remaining performs the arrival fuel discrepancy check
– FMC PROGRESS PG 2/2
– Compare TOTALIZER and CALCULATED quantities. If within +1000kg the FQIS indicated fuel quantity is deemed the arrival fuel. Ensure any extended operation of the APU is taken into account when calculating arrival fuel.
In the event arrival fuel discrepancy exceeds +1000kg:
- “ARR FUEL” field to be annotated with arrival fuel by FQIS
- Techlog entry raised annotating arrival discrepancy between calculated and FQIS.
- Stick check to be conducted by engineering either prior or after completion of refueling.
- At a non-maintenance port where stick check cannot be conducted:
- Techlog entry is to be made,
- The lower of calculated and FQIS is used for departure fuel, and
- The higher of calculated and FQIS shall be used to weight and balance purposes.
44
What is the APU fuel consumption?
150 kg/ hour
| FCOM SUPP fuel discrepancy check
