Fubini 16 - Urinary and repro cow Flashcards
What is a sagittal section?
A sagittal section is a cut through the teat and gland sinus of an adult lactating cow.
What is the gland sinus?
The gland sinus is one of the parts involved in the anatomy of the teat.
What is annular rimming?
Annular rimming is a term related to the anatomy of the teat.
What is the teat sinus?
The teat sinus is another anatomical structure of the teat.
What is the rosette of Furstenberg?
The rosette of Furstenberg is a structure found in the anatomy of the teat.
What is a streak canal?
The streak canal is a passage in the teat that allows milk to flow.
What is a teat probe according to Fritz?
A teat probe is introduced into the streak canal allowing the streak canal length to be measured.
What is the purpose of the loresectoscopy?
The loresectoscopy can be performed to remove excessive mucosa by cauterization.
What is a conjoined teat?
A conjoined teat is a condition found in a lactating dairy cow.
What is conjoined surgery?
Conjoined surgery is a procedure related to the treatment of conjoined teats.
What is a wax teat plug?
A wax teat plug is used internally for 7 to 10 days to enlarge the teat canal after loresectoscopy.
What are teat knives?
Teat knives do not remove the mucosa but enlarge the canal, which can promote scarring and stenosis.
What is Halligan’s Ultimate Gadget knife?
Halligan’s Ultimate Gadget knife is a tool introduced in a specific veterinary procedure.
What is Halligan’s Ultimate Gadget knife introduced into?
The streak canal at a 30-degree angle.
What does a lateral xeroradiograph of a cow’s teat show after placement of a teat implant?
The implant does not extend into the gland sinus and is directly over the streak canal.
What is shown in the bladder version image of a cow?
Bladder version in a cow.
What does a top normal imaging show?
Positive contrast cystogram and urethrogram with an area of urethral diverticulum clearly seen.
In which gender is ectopic ureters more common?
Females.
What is the purpose of the cutter presented at ECVS 2023?
Quick method to do under visual control the removal of mucosa.
What is the treatment for urinary bladder version shortly after parturition?
Ttm: epidural block (0.2 mg/kg lido + 0.03 mg/kg xyla).
What characterizes fibrosis of the gland sinus?
By connective tissue replacing normal gland tissue.
What is connective tissue replacing normal gland tissue?
Connective tissue replacing normal gland tissue is associated with poor prognosis.
How are milk stones diagnosed, and what is the treatment approach?
Diagnosed through manual palpation or ultrasonography. Treatment involves removing or crushing intraductally with a small alligator forceps.
How can you perform the surgery for milk stones?
Surgery: standing or general anesthesia preferred. Right paralaminar fossa celitotomy: 25-30 cm incision just caudal to last rib.
How do you address retroversion of the bladder?
Retroversion: Replacement and vaginal suture.
How do you address the uropetitoneum?
Fluid therapy NaCl 0.9% + dextrose if hyperkalemia. Peritoneal drainage. Spontaneous healing of dorsal tear with urinary catheter is possible!
How do you diagnose ectopic urethra in cattle?
Parenteral dye: fluorescein, azosulfamide, indigo carmine. IV pyelogram: non-ionic preferred because less hypertonic 800 mg I/kg.
How do you treat in case of varicose obstruction? Prognosis?
Sclerotherapy: injection dextrose 25%! Or ligation or phlebectomy. Good prognosis 85%.
How is a conjoined teat defined, and why is surgery indicated for it?
A conjoined teat is defined as a supernumerary teat attached to the side of a primary teat. Surgery is indicated due to interference with milking and increased mastitis risk in the accessory gland.
How is chemical destruction of the mammary gland performed, and what preparations are needed?
Chemical destruction involves specific preparations for effective treatment.
What is the function of the mammary gland performed, and what preparations are used?
Injecting irritating preparations into the affected quarter(s).
Preparations include: 10% formaldehyde (100-500 mL), 3% silver nitrate solution (50-100 mL), 5% copper sulfate (20 mL), acriflavine solution (250 mL in 500 mL).
How is dissection carried out for hemimastectomy?
For hemimastectomy, dissection is carried from the lateral side to the median lamina of the suspensory ligament.
How is local anesthesia performed before teat surgery, and what precautions are taken?
Local anesthesia involves circumferential injection of 20 mL of a 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution at the base of the teat.
Precautions include avoiding the circumferential vein and/or the sinus of the teat or gland.
How is the teat examined visually, and what aspects are described during visual inspection?
The teat is examined visually to describe color, shape, and size, as well as the type and location of any lacerations present.
How is the udder cleansed before mastectomy, and what type of incision is made around the udder?
Elliptical incision is made around the udder and save as much normal skin as possible.
SC dissection starting cranial. Ligations of: external pudendal art and veins, ventral perineal art and veins, caudal superficial epigastric vein and art.
How is the incision closed after udder surgery?
Incision closed with tension relieved sutures (vertical mattress or near-far, far-near).
Penrose drain and SC and skin suture > not possible to suture make stent bandage.
How many glands does the udder of a dairy cow comprise, and what marks the division of the udder into right and left halves?
Four glands, and a prominent median.
How many glands are involved in the division of the udder into right and left halves?
Four glands, and a prominent median intermammary groove generally marks the division of the udder into right and left halves.
How many quarters does the bovine mammary gland usually have?
The bovine mammary gland usually has four quarters, each consisting of one teat with the teat wall, apex with the streak canal, and teat sinus.
If the laceration is in the streak canal and gland sinus, is it easy to repair?
No, difficult to repair.
If the streak canal is involved, how should you suture?
Put a catheter + suturing; let catheter for 10 days; prognosis less favorable.
What types of sinus obstruction indicate the implantation of teat prosthesis?
Type I and type II.
In case of severe trauma, how do you perform teat amputation?
If base not involved:
- Clamp on annular ring and teat amputated
- Submucosa and int layer apposed with continuous horizontal mattress and 40 monofilament
- Skin closed with interrupted sutures.
In case of teat fistula, how to approach?
TEAT FISTULA: accessory opening that communicate with primary teat sinus.
In case of teat laceration, which presentation has better prognosis?
Proximal and longitudinal laceration has better prognosis than horizontal and distal laceration.
In case of ventral tear, what are the surgical approaches?
- Caudal flank celiotomy
- Ventral approach.
What are the types of celitotomy?
- Caudal flank celitotomy
- Ventrolateral celitotomy
- Ventral midline celitotomy
What is the inner layer of the teat formed by?
2 layers of cuboidal epithelium
What are the types of obstruction of the teat cistern and/or annular ring?
Type I: <30% of mucosal surface
Type II: >30% of mucosal surface
Type III: obstruction between teat and mammary gland sinus
Type IV: extended to gland sinus
What is the most common cause of diminished milk flow?
Obstruction of area of rosette of Furstenberg
What is the cause and treatment for diminished milk flow?
Cause: trauma
Treatment: blind resection or theloscopy or Halligan’s knife or theloresctoscopy (ECVS 2023) under local anesthesia, give oxytocin 20 IU, remove milk/milking and visual control the mucosa is resected with electrocautery.
What is the post-operative management for milk drainage?
Positive milk drainage with metal teat catheter during 10 days
Wax in streak canal to maintain patency
Local antibiotics
What can reduced milk flow pathology be due to?
agenesis of streak canal
tight streak canal
obstruction of area of rosette of Furstenberg
milk stone
Rosette of Furstenberg is a transition of what tissue?
transition to stratified squamous epithelium in streak canal
From which side are the R and L kidneys accessible?
R flank celitotomy
L only accessible from left flank celitotomy
What is the connective tissue reach in?
large vessels
How is the loscopy less invasive and how do you perform it?
o Teat clamp and air in streak canal to insufflate teat sinus
o Lateral endoscopic portal - no need of instrumental portal
What is a lateral endoscopic portal?
A lateral endoscopic portal does not need an instrumental portal because the endoscope is combined with electrode.
What is removed in the area of rosette of Furstenberg?
Obstructive tissue is removed in the area of rosette of Furstenberg with electrocautery included in the endoscope.
What is the closure of portal intermediate and skin layers?
Closure of portal intermediate and skin layers is performed with continuous horizontal mattress with 40 monofilament.
What are the complications of the procedure?
Complications include formation of scar and cut teat sphincter.
What is the milk flow return rate after the procedure?
Milk flow returns to normal in 68% of cows.
What is a tight streak canal?
A tight streak canal is usually acquired through self-inflicted trauma.
What are the signs of a tight streak canal?
Signs include pain and abnormal milk flow.
What is the diagnostic ratio for uriperitoneum?
The peritoneal/serum ratio is 2:1 for diagnostic purposes.
What are the treatments described for implantation of teat prosthesis?
Treatments include thelotomy opposite to lesion teat, silastic tube spanning entire seat sinus, and suture with 3 vertical sutures using polypropylene.
What are the three surgical interventions in the teats?
The three surgical interventions are teat amputation, thelotomy, and theloscopy.
What are the causes of ruptured urinary bladder in cattle?
The causes of ruptured urinary bladder in cattle include trauma and other underlying conditions.
What are the causes of ruptured urinary bladder in cattle?
Cause: secondary to urethral urolithiasis / dystocia
What are the classification of teat lesions?
Open with laceration
obstructive teat lesion
What are the clinical signs of ectopic urether?
urine incontinence and urinary tract infection
What are the complications of suturing in the teat?
Dehiscence impaired milk flow mastitis
Necrosis
What are the complications?
Acute mastitis
somatic cell count
milk flow
Wound dehiscence
What are the layers of the teat wall, starting from the innermost layer?
submucosa – connective tissue – smooth muscle – stratified squamous epithelium
What are the suspensory apparatus components that suspend the udder from the body wall?
consists of strong fascial medial and lateral laminae. The medial lamina is the stronger of the two and is largely made up of elastic tissue.
What are the types of obstructions in the area of the teat cistern and/or the annular ring, and how are they classified?
Type I and Type II lesions (obstructions of the teat sinus)
Type III and Type IV lesions (obstructions between teat and mammary gland sinus). Classified based on the extent of mucosal surface affected.
What complications may arise after resecting a conjointed teat, and how is it closed after dissection?
mastitis, slow milking, blood clots, and granulation tissue formation. The wound is closed with a simple continuous suture pattern.
What demarcates the teat sinus from the gland sinus, and what does it contain?
The annulus (venous ring of Furstenberg) demarcates the teat sinus from the gland sinus, and it contains one or more lactiferous ducts.
What is the gland sinus?
A gland sinus contains one or more large veins that encircle the base of the teat.
What do you use in horses?
Phenol red in horses.
What heritability factor should be communicated to the owner before supernumerary teat removal?
Supernumerary teats carry a heritability factor (h2) of 0.2 to 0.3, and this should be communicated to the owner before surgery.
What is the composition of the inner layer?
Submucosa, connective tissue, and smooth muscle.
What is the function of the connective tissue layer in the teat wall?
The connective tissue layer in the teat wall contains numerous large blood vessels that become engorged with blood during milking and suckling processes.
What is the main arterial supply to the udder?
External pudendal artery.
What is the post-operative management?
Positive milk drainage with metal teat catheter during 10 days. Wax in streak canal to maintain patency. Local antibiotics.
What is the prognosis for incomplete canalization?
Good.
What is the purpose of chemical destruction, and how is excessive inflammation managed if it occurs?
Chemical destruction aims for inflammation and subsequent atrophy. Excessive inflammation is managed by milking out the preparation 24 to 48 hours after infusion.
What is the purpose of probing the streak canal with a teat probe?
Probing the streak canal with a teat probe is done to compare its length with the healthy contralateral streak canal and assess for any abnormalities.
What is the purpose of surgically removing supernumerary teats, and how is it done at 3 to 6 months of age?
Supernumerary teats may be removed due to interference with milking, increased risk of mastitis, and potential for injury.
What may lead to the removal of the bovine teat?
Removal may be due to interference with milking, increased risk of mastitis, and cosmetics.
What is the recommended restraint and anesthesia for surgical interventions in the bovine teat area?
Adequate restraint and anesthesia are important. For more invasive procedures, cows may be restrained on a surgery table or in a trough in lateral or dorsal recumbency. Sedation with xylazine hydrochloride may be indicated.
What is the recommended timing for primary repair of teat lacerations?
Primary repair may be successful up to 12 hours after the laceration occurred. Delayed primary closure is recommended for older injuries.
What is the role of the teat sphincter, and where is it located?
The teat sphincter is located beneath the rosette of Furstenberg, consisting of circularly oriented bundles of smooth muscle fibers. It plays a role in teat sphincter continence and keratin lining of the streak canal, preventing ascending infections.
What is the rosette of Furstenberg, and where is it located?
The rosette of Furstenberg is where the stratified squamous epithelium of the streak canal meets the two layered cuboidal epithelium of the teat sinus. It represents the proximal delineation of the streak canal.
What is the treatment of incomplete canalization or partial agenesis?
Skin membrane is opened with small incision or 14G and wax streak canal after milking to allow healing.
What is the treatment?
Ipsilateral nephrectomy.
What is the treatment?
Ipsilateral nephrectomy is less complicated and has fewer complications.
What is vesicourethral anastomosis?
S2S anastomosis if intramural through cystotomy.
What procedure is important to perform during the surgery of nephrectomy?
Contralateral renal biopsy: US guided with Vinn’s Silverman or tru-cut biopsy needle.
What procedure is performed to treat severe gangrenous mastitis in ruminants when surgery is not feasible?
Ligation of the external pudendal artery and vein is performed to treat severe, life-threatening gangrenous mastitis when surgery is not feasible.
What surgical tool is used to reduce intraoperative hemorrhage and prevent milk outflow during teat surgery?
A metal tourniquet (teat clamp) is positioned at the base of the teat.
What teat pathologies may require surgical intervention?
Supernumerary and conjoined teats, lesions with reduced milk flow, lacerations, fistulas.
What technique is used to stain the milk and evaluate communication in a suspected conjoined teat?
Injecting methylene blue dye into the orifice of a suspected conjoined teat is used to stain the milk and evaluate for communication with the primary teat.
What vessels are ligated in the procedure for gangrenous mastitis, and what care is required postoperatively?
External pudendal artery and veins are ligated. Postoperative care includes continued systemic antibiotics, drainage of the udder, and appropriate wound care.
What is the surgical approach for conjoined teats connected to the cisterns?
The surgical approach involves a longitudinal incision, careful not to sever circular veins, and wound closure as described for perforating teat lacerations.
When is indicated unilateral nephrotomy?
Unilateral unresponsive kidney injury: abscess/renal lithiasis, polycystic kidney, hydronephrosis, ectopic ureter, neoplasia.
When is surgery for chronic mastitis ideally performed?
Surgery for chronic mastitis is performed in a nonlactating animal in good physical condition.
When might general anesthesia be necessary for teat surgery?
General anesthesia is not typically necessary for teat surgery. It may be required for more invasive procedures.
Which spinal nerves provide innervation to the udder?
Innervation to the udder is from the lumbar spinal nerves L1, L2, genitofemoral nerve, and sacral spinal nerves: pudendal nerve.
Why is mastectomy performed in small ruminants or cattle, and what are the indications for it?
Mastectomy is performed in cases of: neoplasia, chronic or gangrenous mastitis, fibrotic or granulomatous udder, precocious udder development.
Why is ultrasonography considered a valuable technique in diagnosing teat pathologies?
Ultrasonography is noninvasive and allows indirect visualization of the teat and gland, making it valuable for diagnosing pathologies, especially obstructive tissues.
Why might teat amputation be considered instead?
Teat amputation may be considered if septic shock is present.
What may be considered if septic shock is present?
Amputation may be considered if septic shock is present due to gangrenous mastitis.
