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Germany > Frontsheet 3 > Flashcards

Frontsheet 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Impact of Wall Street Crash

A

World demand fell
Germany exported fewer goods

US banks demand return of short-term loans

Many banks/businesses went bankrupt

Businesses/customers lost confidence

Wages/hours cut

Unemployment & poverty increased

Confidence in Weimar fell
increased support for extremists

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2
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Banks

A

1931 5 major banks collapsed

Sector lost influence

Fewer loans issued

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3
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Trade

A

Worldwide demand fell 61%

Goods demand fell
eg. steel & chemicals

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4
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Industrial Output

A

Fell 58% 1929-1932

Only 11% in Britain

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5
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Unemployment

A

1.8 million registered 1929

5.6 million registered 1933 (1/3 workers)
(under 3 million in Britain)

Considered closer 8 million
many especially women not officially registered

60% new graduates unemployed

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6
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Government Expenditure

A

Tax revenue decreased

Reduced spending transport/housing/education

Thousands civil servants made redundant

Salaries fell 25%

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7
Q

Economic Impact of the Depression
Agriculture

A

Demand, prices & profits fell sharply

Farms sold

Rural unemployment increased

Production in 1929 3/4 1913 level

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8
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Welfare

A

After 1930 access to welfare limited
eg. unemployed only entitled to state benefits
for 2 years
then reliant on local authorities
less generous & strictly means tested

Women/young people received less welfare than men

Town dependent on single industry hit hard
eg. Brand-Erbisdorrff (glass making)
nearly 1/2 population received welfare

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9
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Health

A

Increased TB, rickets & malnutrition

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10
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Shanty Towns

A

Evictions increased & benefits restricted

Increased need of shanty towns

No access to running water/electricity

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11
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Young People

A

Unemployment particularly high
39% men & 35% women 14-25

Increased gangs of young men in public spaces
concerns of increasing crime

Juvenile convictions (14-25) didn’t increase
but accusations did
(eg. theft, assault & threatening behaviour & crimes against the state)

Young men increasingly involved in political extremism
KPD recruited from ‘wild cliques’ & took part in demonstrations & street fighting
NSDAP offered food, shelter & purpose to young men who joined SA

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12
Q

Social Impact of the Depression
Women

A

Set back employment equality

Female proportion of workforce increased cheaper to employ

More accusations of ‘double earners’

1932 law allowed married women in civil service to be dismissed
Reich Postal Service sacked 1000 women

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13
Q

Political impact of depression

A

‘Grand Coalition’
deeply split

Led by Muller - broadest coalition

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14
Q

Muller’s policy for depression

A

Laissze-Faire approach

Very little inital action because:
1. afraid to repeat hyperinflation

  1. restiction imposed by currency stablisation
    eg. couldn’t print more money
    difficult to borrow money
  2. lacked confidence in finances & ability to repay

1929-32 reduced expenditure
to cope with fall taxation
1928-33 budget war victim’s pension cut 1/3

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15
Q

Muller’s steps to alleviate depression crisis [5]

A

1931 repayments suspended 1 yr
international agreement to postpone all debt

1932 Lausanne conference
reparations reduced to 3B marks
paid off in one payment 1935

Unused land given to homeless farmers & workers

Compulsory emergency labour schemes
gave young people basic wage
for unskilled manual labour
unpopular - striked twice for better pay

Voluntary schemes sent young men to
residencial work camps
for 6 months
priority getting off streets
to provide meaningful training & help

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16
Q

Collapse of Grand Coalition

A

Division made appear weak
public began blame for crisis

Muller resigns March 1930
Brunning appointed - favoured authoritiarian gov

Hindenburg influenced by
Gen. Groener & Gen. Schleicher
both opposed parliamentary democracy
Hindenburg shows contempt for democracy
respected constitution

Coalition all biggest parties except SPD
SPD deputies oppose laws in Reichstag
gov couldn’t pass laws

Hinenburg increasingly rule by Article 48
effective end to democracy

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17
Q

Growth of support of extremists

A

SPD won support for decree
calling for Article 48 to be withdrawn

Instead Bruning dissolved Reichstag
& call Sept 1930 election

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18
Q

September 1930 election results

A

SPD 143 seats
KPD 77 seats
NSDAP 107 seats

2/5 votes anti-democratic parties

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19
Q

NSDAP disruption of Reichstag

A

Disrupt regularly
became unmanageable

Undermine Weimar system
couldn’t form stable coalition
extended crisis & increased distrust in Weimar

Reichstag increasingly irrelevant
did not meet Feb-Oct 1931

Power shifted from Reichstag to
Presidents/advisors/extremists on streets

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20
Q

Cause for increased support of extremists

A

KPD & NSDAP propaganda
offered more secure future
to workers facing unemployment & poverty

Nationalists despair weakness of gov
& continued humiliation
NSDAP promised removal of
responsible socialists
& rip up ToV

Political turmoil led to belief
Weimar democracy cause of problems

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21
Q

Political violence

A

NSDAP & communists
attempt to break up
meeting of opponents

Marches & counter-marches clashed
turned into full scale riots
↳KPD paramilitary group
Red Front Fighters’ League
had over 120,000 members

End 1931 Brüning issued decree
banning wearing political uniforms
did not stop SA

1932 Hindenburg outlawed SA
failed to stop activity (incompetency of gov)
SA had 400,000 members

52KPD killed 1931
First 6 months 1932
82 Nazi supporters & 75 communists
died from political violence

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22
Q

Nazi ideology
Power of the Will

A

Hitler & Nazis having
power, strength & determination
to achieve goals & better Germany

Propaganda, SA & image of unit
portrayed to this

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23
Q

Nazi ideology
Militarism

A

Hitler heavily influence by
‘survival of the fittest’
thought life was struggle between races
social darwinism

Armed conflict necessary
for conquest of non-German races

Propaganda emphasised
courage, loyalty & self-sacrifice

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24
Q

Nazi ideology
Volksgemeinschaft

A

Nation work together
with no social classes
& change for everyone to achieve potential

Work for good of the nation
& receive employment/welfare rights

Only Aryans considered members of state
other races excluded
“subject” with no influence

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25
Q

Nazi ideology
Blood and soil

A

Ensured survival of German race
by creating purer/fitter nation
of people obedient to idea of
working for common good

Looked back on romanticised & mythical past
before country ‘polluted’
& industrialisation divided into social classes

26
Q

Nazi ideology
National socialism

A

State provided work/welfare for all
unearned income abolished

Used to win working class votes

Hitler not fully committed
changed message based on audience
eg. after 1929 sought support/donations
from businessmen (eg. Fritz Thyssen)
reassured businesses/profits not under threat

27
Q

Nazi ideology
Führerprinzip

A

Republic & democracy
weak/ineffective/alien
form Germany
success built on strong/authoritarian gov

Weimar replaced by
one party state & dictatorship
done w/ Gleischaltung once in power

28
Q

Nazi ideology
Nationalism & Lebensraum

A

Reverse ToV

Establish Greater German Reich
all Germans live in border

Secure Lebensraum
provide land
& resources needed to be great power
expand east

Justified by racial theory
of superiority of German race

29
Q

Nazi ideology
Anti-Semitism

A

Blamed Jews for problems
portrayed as greedy/cunning/money motivated

Blamed for communism & greed of capitalism
responsible for WW1 defeat/ToV/political instability/decline as great power

Talked of worldwide Jewish conspiracy
to dominate all other races

30
Q

Nazi ideology
Aryanisation & racial hygiene

A

Aryans were Herrenvolk
& needed to be ‘purified’
by eliminating inner-racial marriages
w/ ‘degenerates’

Presented Jews as deadly threat to German Volk
& claimed ‘germs’ needed to be eradicated
↳justified later killing of Jewish women/children

‘Racial hygiene’ justified
sterilisation of
disabled, LGBTQ, the Roma, pacifists & Jehovah’s Witnesses

31
Q

Impact of depression on political views

A

Polarised views
looked to extreme parties
to solve problems

NSDAP more successful than KPD
in broadening appeal

32
Q

NSDAP key supporters

A

Before 1929
lower middle class

After depression broadened:
Farmers
↳promised high prices for products & protection against imports

Broader Mittlestand
↳disillusioned to DVP & DNVP
afraid of communism threat

Nationalists & industrialists

33
Q

Change in support for KPD

A

Largely gained votes
urban working class
at expense SPD

34
Q

1932 Presidential election

A

Candidates
Hindenburg
Thälmann (KPD)
Duesterberg (right)
Hitler (NSDAP)

Hindenburg fell short 50%
to outright win first ballot

Won 53% second
↳Duesterberg did not stand
↳Hitler won greater percentage in
some rural areas

35
Q

Appeal of communism

A

KPD Membership
117,000 -> 360,000 (1928-32)

1920s strong presence in factors/workshops
where trade union established

After 1930s needed to appeal to unemployed
↳set up ‘committees of the unemployed’
↳staged hunger marches
↳campaigned against benefits cuts
↳appealed to ‘wild cliques’ to encourage working class men

Frequent fights/riots with NSDAP & police
styled themselves as protector against NSDAP
some areas (eg. Berlin’s Wedding district)
effectively under their control

36
Q

Strengths of communism

A

Effective propagada
↳posters inc. slogans like ‘bread & freedom’
↳Thälmann’s speeches stressed class struggle
& aim to destroy capitalism
(especially post 1929)

Improved organisation
& support at neighbourhood/street level
in big cities especially Berlin

Messages popular among members
& some unemployed post 1929

37
Q

Weaknesses of communism

A

Perceived threat of revolution
↳frightened many middle class into
supporting NSDAP

Hitler used fear to encourage
businessmen to donate to NSDAP
↳NSDAP & SA seen as only group
big enough to prevent revolution

50% new members 1932 left within few months

Limited support of
women/outside industrial areas

Short on money
many members unemployed

Focussed on fighting SPD not NSDAP

38
Q

Josef Goebbels

A

Appointed Reich Propaganda Chief 1928

39
Q

Propaganda
Money

A

Backed by rich businessmen
eg. Thyssen & Schacht

3M marks donated by 1933

40
Q

Propaganda methods
Speeches

A

Speakers well trained in oratorial techniques
& party’s ideology

Hitler travelled to make passionate speeches

41
Q

Propaganda methods
New technology

A

Used private plane in
‘Hitler Over Germany’ initiative

Used radio broadcasts

Wanted as many people as possible
to hear Hitler’s speeches

42
Q

Propaganda methods
Nazi flag

A

Used heavily
to convey identity & beliefs of party

Colours of old imperial flag

Striking design
to convey strength & power

43
Q

Propaganda methods
Newspapers

A

Owned
‘Völkischer Beobachter’
“Der Strürmer’

44
Q

Propaganda methods
Marches & rallies

A

Banners/songs/bands/speeches/no. people
convey impression of party
unity/discipline/strength/popularity

45
Q

Propaganda methods
Posters

A

Tailored to specific audiences

46
Q

Propaganda messages
Failure of Weimar

A

Strongest message

Nazis return to former glory

47
Q

Propaganda messages
Anti-Semitism

A

Only used for some audiences

Shop keepers/small business owners
receptive to ‘Jewish Conspiracy’

Blamed for economic problems

SA encouraged radical belief & violence

People voted NSDAP despite

1932 Hitler speech
to 650 businessmen
not mention Jews

48
Q

Propaganda messages
Anti-communism

A

Portrayed as only party strong enough
to deal with threat

49
Q

Propaganda messages
Unemployment

A

Jan 1932
organised 16 mass meetings
about unemployment

Key election slogan
‘Work and Bread’

Posters/speeches 1931-32
had overwhelming focus
on economic problems

50
Q

Brüning as Chancellor

A

Made Chancellor 30 March 1930
On advice Groener & Schleicher
only rule if had their support

Known as ‘Hunger Chancellor’
harsh economic policies
eg. cutting welfare & wages

↳worsened impact of depression
increased KDP & NSDAP support

April 1932 banned SA
Schleicher withdrew support
convinced gov could only operated
with NSDAP support
Hitler not oppose
if election called & ban lifted

May 1932 Hindenburg withdrew support
on Schleicher’s advice

30 May forced to resign

51
Q

Von Papen as Chancellor

A

Appointed 1 June 1932
Aristocratic army officer & anti-democratic

Created ‘cabinet of barons’
↳aristocratic landowners & only 2 deputies

No Reichstag support
relied on Article 48

June lifted SA ban
sympathised with Nazi aims
saw as allies against communists
Street violence & election intimidation increased

July
1. Clash SA & communists in Hamburg
declared state of emergency in Prussia
dismissed SPD gov

  1. NSDAP largest party
    invited join gov
    refused - only participate if Hitler Chancellor

Sept vote of no confidence in gov
Hindenburg dissolve Reichstag & call election

Nov elections NSDAP still largest party
Von Papen resigns 17 Nov
forms caretaker gov

Dec considered ban KPD & NSDAP
& rule with army
Schleicher informs army not support

52
Q

Schleicher as Chancellor

A

Appointed 3 Dec 1932

Lost for trust for conspiracy
against Von Papen

Believed best chance pursued NSDAP join gov
negotiate w/ Strasser not Hitler
↳Strasser failed divide party - Hitler removes

Looks for support in Reichstag
believed cancel cut wages/benefits
win trade union support
↳failed persuade

Suggested breaking up large estates
& giving to smaller farmers
horrified Junkers (backbone gov)

Jan 1933 asked Hindenburg
suspend constitution
dissolve Reichstag
& give dictatorial powers

Hindenburg refused
Schleicher resigns 28 Jan

53
Q

Appointment of Hitler

A

Hitler & Von Papen
negotiate possibility of coalition
during Schleicher’s term

Talks between
Hitler, Von Papen, Hindenburg’s advisors (eg. Meissner)

Made deal
Hitler lead coalition
w/ Von Papen Vice Chancellor
& only 2 Nazis in cabinet

Von Papen & Oskar Von Hindenburg
convince Pres. Hindenburg
Hitler uneducated & inexperience
easily controllable

Known as Backstairs Intrigue

Hitler appointed 30 Jan 1933

54
Q

Hitler’s first cabinet

A

2 NSDAP members
Göring & Frick
as per agreement

Aristocratic, anti-democratic & right members

55
Q

Actions to strengthen power

A

Jan 30
100,000 NSDAP members
torchlight procession
show Hitler not puppet of gov

Persuaded Hindenburg dissolve Reichstag
& call election

Jan 31 gave speech
downplayed anti-Semitism/aggressive foreign policy
emphasised economic hardship
& need for ‘national uprising’
to restore pride & unity

Feb 5
Nazi members killed SPD mayor in Prussia
SPD newspaper condemned
& immediately banned

Feb 20
received 3M marks from
20 industrialists for propaganda

56
Q

Election campaign

A

Jan 1933
500,000 SA - within year reached 3M
↳Broke up socialist & communist meetings
merged w/ paramilitary Stahlhelm
↳official recognised by state as auxiliary police
regular police told not interfere

Goering recruited extra 50,000 men
into Prussia local police
virtually all SA

69 people died in 5 week campaign

SA attacked trade unions/KPD offices/left politician’s homes

Centre party newspaper banned
after criticised SA attack
on Centre Party meeting

57
Q

Reichstag fire

A

27 Feb 1933

Marinus van der Lubbe
(communist activist)
arrested & found guilty

Hitler claimed part of communist plot
to start revolution
used to justify
introduction of repressive measures

58
Q

Impact of Reichstag fire

A

28 Feb 1933
Decree for the Protection of the State and the People issued

Immediately signed by Hindenburg
gave Hitler emergency powers
to suspend civil liberties
guaranteed under constitution

Power to search & detain people w/out trial
Power to search private premises
Power to censor post/telephone calls
Power to restrict freedom of assembly/expression

Gave power to remove opposition before elections
↳10,000 communists arrested
↳Communist/socialist newspapers banned
↳Most KPD leaders imprisoned
↳Distribution of communist leaflets/posters
liable to arrest
most sent to concentration camps

59
Q

March elections

A

NSDAP not gain 2/3 majority
needed to change constitution

60
Q

Concentration camps

A

8 Mar 1933
Goering announced
established 1st permanent camp
in Dachau

By July 789 political prisoners
held in ‘protective custody’
in 70 different camps

61
Q

Enabling Act

A

Passed 23 Mar 1933

Allowed Hitler pass laws
w/out approval of
Reichstag/Pres.
for 4 yrs

Majority vote 441 to 91
only SPD voted against

62
Q

How Hitler passed Enabling Act

A

81 KPD & 26 SPD refused entry

Nazis promised respect
Catholic Church
for Centre Party support

Kroll Opera house
surrounded by SA & SS
lined meeting room & issued threats

Appeared temporary
emergency measures

Germany (7 decks)

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