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Germany > Frontsheet 2 > Flashcards

Frontsheet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps for economic stability (1)

A

End Ruhr Crisis
Sept 1923 passive resistance ends

Reparations begin again
Ruhr productive again
(essential to economy)
Not paying striking workers

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2
Q

Steps for economic stability (2)

A

Balance the budget

Spending cut
Taxes rasied

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3
Q

Steps for economic stability (3)

A

Issue new currency
Nov 1923

Stressemann & Schact
issue Rentenmark
1 RTM = 1T RCM

Money in circulation tightly controlled

By 1924 currency stabolised & inflation no longer problem
Reichsmark reissued

Savings remianed lost

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4
Q

Dawes Plan background

A

1924
Stresemann asked Allied ReparationCommittee to address repayment concerns

Owed France reparations

US wanted Britain & France paid so they could repay US war loans

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5
Q

Dawes Plan key agreements

A

Total reparations not reduced

Next annual instalment reduced to 1B marks
to gradually increase over 5 yrs
then based on industrial performance

Recieve 800M mark loan to start paln &invest in industry

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6
Q

Dawes Plan impact

A

Allies accept unable to pay
fulfillment succesful

French gradually left Ruhr

Loan helped begin economic recovery

Increased optimism for future

Right attack - believed reject

Stresemann saw as ‘economic armistice’
only agreed for loan

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7
Q

Young Plan background

A

1929
Intended to be temporary

Allies still in Rhineland

Reparation repayments stopped after Wall Street Crash

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8
Q

Young Plan key agreements

A

Total reparations reduced to £1.8B

Annual instalments increased over time
paid until 1988

Allied troops withdraw from Rhineland by 1930

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9
Q

Young Plan impact

A

Angered right

Hugenberg (DNVP leader)
& other right groups (inc. NSDAP)
launch national campaign for
‘freedom law’ - force gov reject Clause 231

Rasied enough support for referendum & Reichstag debate
Both voted against
but 13.8% voted for

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10
Q

Economic recovery
Investment

A

Positive:
1925-30 25.5B marks foreign investment
enable industrial reconstruction

Schact kept interest rates high
to attract foreign investment

Negative:
Foreign investment fell after 1929

Became reliant on short term foreign loans
not long term investment

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11
Q

Economic recovery
Industrial development & economic growth
Positive

A

National income 12% higher 1928 than 1913

Industry underwent ‘rationalisation’ (new methods/management/machines)

Advances in some industries eg. chemical/automobile/areoplanes

c. 90% coal & steel produced by cartels by 1925
increased profits

After 1925 tariffs on imports
many industries supported by gov subsidies

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12
Q

Economic recovery
Industrial development & economic growth
Negative

A

Economic growth unsteady
Growth 1924-5 & 1927

Cartels,tariffs & subsidies harmed competition
industry less efficient
ineffective industries artificially supported

Growth did not meet 1913 levels until 1929

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13
Q

Economic recovery
Standard of living

A

Postive:
Industrial workers wage increased
1927 real wage increased 9%
1928 increased 12%

Negative:
Mittelstand didn’t enjoy wage increases
some industrial workers earn more than white collar workers

Trade unions kept industrial wages artifcially high
reduced profits & middle-class income

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14
Q

Economic recovery
Industrial persuits

A

Postive:
Strikes decreased
1972 (1924) -> 351 (1926)
partly because arbitration made compulsory

Negative:
Strike action fluctuated
844 (1928)

Arbitration not always work
1928 workers in Ruhr ‘locked out’ after arbitrator said wages should increase

Many employers angry at state interference in working condtition

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15
Q

Economic recovery
Unemployment

A

1M unemployed end 1925
over 3M unemployed 1926
c. 1M 1928

Many companies began reduce workforce

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16
Q

Economic recovery
Agriculture

A

Positive:
Tariffs on food goods protected farmer’s profits

Negative:
Worldwide agricultureal depression
1929 production level <3/4 1914 levels

1923 gov made easier for farmers to get loans
many owed money could not repay
banks took farms & evicted
1928 series of farmer’s riots

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17
Q

Welfare Reforms 1919

A

Working days limted to 8 hrs
established in law & prevented employers exploiting workers
helped cut accident at work
unpopular with industrialists - affected profits

Government took responsiblity for aid of injured soldiers
helped thousands of veterans who faced homelessness & starvation
from lack of employment
popular with nationalists

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18
Q

Welfare reforms 1922

A

National Youth Welfare Act
required all local authorities to provide child protection & education

established legal necessity for each state to protect vulnerable children from abuse & neglect

compulsory all children entitled to free education
helped thousands achieve basic literary levels

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19
Q

Welfare reforms 1924

A

Public Assistance System

provided more extensive & easier to access support for those in extreme poverty

helped avoid malnutrition & homelessness

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20
Q

Welfare reforms 1927

A

National Insurance System

provided essential income

helped tens of thousands of families
who faced homelessness due to loss of employment
helped avoid destitution

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21
Q

Negative impact of welare reforms

A

Expensive to implement
before 1922 solution print more money
after 1924 taxes increased - unpopular

Tried to reduce costs through means tests
many felt humiliated (especially veterans)
indermined support in gov

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22
Q

Living standards
The poor

A

Experienced most change & benefit for welfare reforms

Loans helped finance public works programmes
benefitted from imporved availablity of services & jobs created

18.4% working class unemployed 1926
reduced income & living standards for 2M families

Means tests deterred manyfamilies from applying - led to abject povety

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23
Q

Living Standards
Working class

A

Constitution enshrined trade union powers- often supported workers overemployers

1919 Health Insurance Scheme extended to dependent women &disabled people

Increased wages

Many working days lost to stikes - lost income

Rationalisation meant many industries reduced workforce
high unemployment in some towns

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24
Q

Living Standards
Mittelstand

A

Hit hardest by hyperinflation
never regained level of wealth & living standard

Not recoup lost of hyperinflation

Most civil servants lost jobs & had wages cut

Taxs for indivudals & businesses increased
hit small business owners

Unemployment levels included soem skilled workers

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25
Q

Living Standards
Industrialists

A

Most big businesses signifficant improvement in demand & profit after 1924

End hyperinflation brought confidence & better climate for business

Benefitted from improved trading position

Unemployment shows companies lacked demand &profits were falling

Increased taxes after 1924 damaged profit

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26
Q

Living Standards
Farmers

A

Did not benefit from reforms
& remained in state agricultural depression

Tariffs on food imports had limited but positive impact on demand

Increased taxes imposed a burden

Many owed money counld not repay
banks took farms & evicted farmers

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27
Q

Key features of ‘new woman’

A

Independent
able support herself finanacially
possibly single & living alone
c. 10,000 teachers & 3,000 doctors

Visible in public life
1919 held 10% Reichstag seats
by 1925 36% workforce
some trained to be lawyes & doctors

Equality in marriage/sexually liberated/more choice & freedom
birth control widely available
abortions increased
birth rate declined
divorce rated increased

28
Q

Why people believe women’s lives had changed

A

Impact WW1
more women needed in employment/fewer men to marry

Constitution improved legal position

Media cultivated idea of ‘new woman’
Marlene Dietrich in film ‘The Blue Angel’

29
Q

Ways women lives remained the same

A

Most popular women’s group in 1920 was League of German Women (BDF)
promoted trad family values &maternal responsiblity

Abortion remained criminal offence
decline in birth rate & ‘selfishness’ of women attacked by press
Church condemned birth control/abortion/divorce

Civil Code of 1896 meant husband had control of decisions concerning all matters of family life

Post WW1 many had to leave jobs to give to men
press attacked women as ‘selfish double earners’

No female members of Reichsrat/gov & no female party leaders

30
Q

Position of Jewish people

A

500,000 Jews lived in Germany 1925
<1% population

Made up significant proportion politicians/bankers/journalists/professionals

Reason:
Migrated Jews tended better qualified
Exclusion from mainstream society led to self-sufficiency
Judaism allowed some money lending - unlike Christianity

Anti-Semitic reason:
Belief Germany overrun
‘Jewish Conspiracy’

31
Q

Evidence Jews assimilated by 1930

A

Prominent in important professions
16% lawyers & 11% doctors

Leading political figures Jewish
eg. Walter Rathenau & Theodor Wolff

Jewish companies successful
1/2 cloth firms Jewish owned
Rathenau family led electrical giant AEG

Significant in Geman academia
9/24 German Nobel prizes before 1938

32
Q

Evidence Jews isolated by 1930

A

Jewish banks appeared dispropotionally powerful to some non-Jews
families
eg. Rothschilds owned 50% private banks

Right claimed & spread fear Jews association with left
eg. Hasse &Luxemburg Jews

Few Jewish run businesses in Ruhr

Target of anti-Semitic attacks & propaganda

33
Q

Concerns young people becoming increasing problem

A

Breaking free from control
constraints of family/school/religion

17% unemployed were 14-23 (1924-26)

Increased no. young boys joining
youth gangs/cliques
looking for sense comradeship & adventure

Increase youth crime & anti-social behaviour

34
Q

Changes to education

A

Introduced elementary school
free comprehensive schools
to break down class divide
based on secular lines

Those who didn’t enter Gymnasium
could continue for 4 further yrs
improved educational outcomes

Many children continued attend Church schools

35
Q

Influence of Church on youth

A

Catholic & Protestants had youth groups
Catholic groups more members than Protestant

Catholics aimed at different societal groups
eg. ‘New Germany’ for middle class children

Aimed to teach
religious doctrine loyalty & respect for church/family

36
Q

Political youth groups

A

SPD
Social Democratic Youth Movement
Founded 1925
Had most members

KPD
Young Communist League
Founded 1925
For party members children

DNVP
Bismarck Youth
Founded 1922
42,000 members by 1928
mostly middle/upper class youth
Strong working-class membership in Berlin

NSDAP
Hitler Youth
Grew slowly 1920s
had 13,000 members in 1929

37
Q

Wandervogel

A

Set up 1896
spread quickly 1920s

Mostly middle class boys

Officially non-political
highly nationalistic

Hated industrialists & big cities
extreme groups rejected social conventions
& practiced vegetarianism/nudism

38
Q

Youth cliques

A

Largely working class

Welfare improvements
helped some jobless youth

Increasing working class joined gangs
to find comradeship/support/adventure

Red Apaches & Farmers’ Fear in Hamburg
had own uniforms & flags

Alcohol part of culture
challenges maybe set to prove themselves
eg. vandalism & theft
image of toughness/aggression/masculinity

39
Q

Development of art

A

Expressionism became predominant
believed work express meaning/emotion
not physical reality

Artists
Kandinsky
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

40
Q

Development of literature

A

Adopted free form writing from expressionism
focused on character’s internal mental state not external social realities

Authors revolt against parental authority

All Quiet on the Western Front
highly critical of older generations
who sent young men to war

41
Q

Development of Architecture

A

Bauhaus influential school
taught art, design & photography too

Students encouraged break down barriers
between art & design
incorporating new materials into design

42
Q

Development of theatre

A

Sets stark & plays relied on abstraction & symbolism to convey messages
from expressionism

Plays attacked capitalism, nationalism & war

Brecht & Weill playwrights

‘Threepenny Opera’ shocking
villains respectable middle class
heroes criminals & prostitutes

Right called new artists
‘cultural bolsheviks’

43
Q

Development of music

A

Hindemith & Schoenberg composers

Schoenberg attempted
convey powerful emotion
but avoided trad forms of beauty
associated with ‘atonal’ music

44
Q

Development of film

A

Lang, Wilder, von Sternberg Jewish producers

Marlene Dietrich played Lola in The Blue Angel
controversial as she was sexy singer in nightclub who seduces innocent professor

45
Q

Development in nightclubs

A

New vibrant clubs found in Berlin

Challenged trad values:
renowned for cabaret - featured nudity
gay men, lesbians & transvestites
expressed sexuality freely

46
Q

Evidence cultural change limited/unpopular

A

Little change rural areas/small towns

Fear from right
change brought unwelcome foreign influence

Modern culture viewed by conservatives as
decadent, immoral & un-German

Changes provoked fierce conservative reaction
as enemies to Republic fought change

47
Q

Election of Hindenburg (results)

A

April 925
Hindenburg (DVP/DNVP): 48.3%
Marx (Centre): 45.3%
Thälmann (KPD): 6.4%

48
Q

Impact of Hindenburg’s election

A

Symbol military/authoritarian past
gave hope moving away parliamentary democracy

Political stability
proved loyal to supporting constitution & not abusing power
first 5 yrs

Helped gain support right for democracy
increased legitimacy to right
less extremism & greater stability

Coalitions continued short lived

By 1930 impatient w/ parties
increasingly used Article 48
in interest army/nationalist elites

49
Q

Political stability by 1928

A

After 1923 politics more peaceful

No attempted coup/major political assassinations

Frequent fights between SA & KPD

By 1928 72.8% vote pro-Weimar

Coalition parties tend stick to own principles
constant bargaining & manoeuvring
discredited parliamentary democracy

Army/judiciary/civil service remain unreformed

Industrialists resent burden of welfare state

50
Q

Political statistics

A

SPD in coalitions
Feb & June 1919
Mar 1920
May 1921
Aug 1923
June 1928
stopped jointing due to welfare cuts

Right joined coalitions after 1920
more so after 1924

1924 pro-repulican parties collectively
61% (May) & 67% (Dec)

51
Q

International position 1923

A

Isolated start 1924
few allies & excluded from LoN

France & Britain did not trust to adhere to ToV
after 1922 reparations failure
maintain military presence in Rhineland

52
Q

Foreign policy goals 1919-1933

A

Revise ToV terms

Extreme right wanted confrontational approach
total rejection
& rearmament - take boarders by force

Moderates wanted cooperative approach
policy of fulfillment
&working with allies to revise terms

53
Q

Locarno Pact

A

Oct 1925
Germany, France, Britain, Italy & US
met on Stresesmann’s suggestion

wished to restore international position
& prevent hostile Britain/France alliance

Rhineland Pact & Arbitration Treaties
collectively Locarno

54
Q

Rhineland Pact

A

Germany/France/Belgium
promise respect western frontier agreed in ToV

Germany keep troops from Rhineland

Britain/Italy agree help
Germany/France/Belgium if neighbour attacked

55
Q

Abritration Treaties

A

Germany/France/Belgium/Poland/Czechoslovakia
agree any dispute settled
by conciliation committee

France promises support Poland/Czechoslovakia
if Germany not agree
but France not allowed cross into Germany

56
Q

Locarno success for Germany [4]

A

France can never invade again

French troops withdraw from Rhineland
achieved over 5 yrs

Eastern boarder not fixed like western
left open possibility to revise eastern

Established pos as equal partner

57
Q

Locarno success for other countries [4]

A

Germany recognise western boarder
imposed by ToV - first time

French guarenteed support
if Germany attacked again

Stresemann appeased Allies
& given too much away
(opinion of nationalists)

Confirms loss of Alsace-Lorraine

58
Q

League of Nations

A

Allowed join 1926

Significant improvement to international status

59
Q

Relations with USSR

A

Similarities led to working relationship:
lost war
exclusion for LoN
treat as ‘outcasts’ by victorious countries
resented existence strong independent Poland

Signed Treaty of Rapallo & Treaty of Berlin

60
Q

Treaty of Rapallo

A

1922
organised by Walter Rathenau

Resume peaceful diplomatic relations

Trade & cooperate economically

Outstanding reparations claims dropped
eg. from Brest-Litovsk

Germany allowed
develop new weapons & train pilots in Russia

61
Q

Treaty of Berlin

A

April 1926

Renewed Rapallo

Added clause
if USSR involved in war
Germany stays neutral

Shows Stresemann not abandoned attempts
to revise eastern frontier

62
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

1928
Kellogg - US Sectratary of State &
Briand - French Forign Minister
drew up international agreement

Voluntarily agree to
renounce use of offensive weapons
to resolve disputes

Symbolic importance
international agreement to avoid war
no enforcement mechanism
so limited effectivness

63
Q

Secret rearmament (weapons)

A

Sought ways to circumvent disarmamant clasue

Agreement build
submarines in Spain
tanks/artillary in Sweden

Allowed to keep up with advances
not build fully operational force

64
Q

Secret rearmament (army)

A

Gen. von Seeckt found ways around limit
1. train recruits expensively
for short period
then place in reserves

  1. Sponsor paramilitary groups
    even after Freikorps disbanding

Army generals dealt directly with Russian forces
kept ‘secret’ from politicians
but tacitly approved by them

65
Q

End of allied occupation

A

Fulfilment secured withdraw by 1930

Compromises made by both France & Germany

Dawes & Locarno show
German wilingness to cooperate
some withdraw begins

Young finalised reparations issues
remaining forces withdraw
5 yrs ahead ToV schedule

66
Q

1928 international position

A

Period of isolation ended
alliance w/ US, Russia & LoN membership

Won trust of west & gained benefits

Rebuilt relations w/ Russia & Spain
used to help begin rearmament
make less vulnerable

Germany (7 decks)

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