Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENVS2210 > From the flowers to the table > Flashcards

From the flowers to the table Flashcards

1
Q

what is honey?

A

Saturated sugar solution produced by honey bees from plant nectar. contains simple sugars that do not require additional digestion as well as protein (including enzymes), minerals, vitamins and water (no more than 20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is nectar?

A

collected by bees to transform it into honey.
composed of 20-50% solids, rest is water.
most of solids are complex sugars (sucrose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During the process called _______, forager bees regurgitate nectar and pass it to _____ ______. Before making it into honey, bees will add ________ to the nectar. This will break the bond between _____ and _______, which are components of ________.

A

Trophallaxis ( from foragers to another bee)
Nectar Receptors
Enzymes (Invertase)
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of bees collect nectar from flowers?

A

Foragers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is nectar flow?

A

the period when flowers are producing enough nectar for bees to collect and store.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Before the nectar flow period, colonies are managed by:

A
  • swarm control (check for queen cells between brood boxes)
  • Supering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do we know when to add more supers?

A

White wax at top or bottom of frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ripened honey contains less than _____% water.

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do bees dehydrate nectar to less than 20%?

A

fan their wings to produce currents of warm air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Honey is ready fro removal (harvest) when it contains how much water?

A

less than 18-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What needs to happen in order for the supers to be harvested? Name the physical and chemical methods to do this

A

BEE REMOVAL
- bee brush (only for beekeepers with few hives
- Butyric acid (olfactory bee repellent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 steps in honey extraction?

A
  1. Uncapping: removal of wax caps covering cells in combs using a capping spinner
  2. Extracting: combs are centrifuged to extract honey from the interior of the cells
  3. Cleaning large particles from honey: settling it in tanks for several days
  4. Filtration: remove small particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the purpose of the capping spinner? what can you do with wax after?

A

Removes excess honey from wax cappings
wax capping can be melted- main source of wax for a beekeeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main source that beekeepers get beeswax from?

A

Melting wax from the capping spinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the honey extractor work?

A

removes honey by centrifugal force
motion throws liquid to the walls of the machine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of honey extractors? how do they work?

A
  1. TANGENTIAL: Spins the honey on one side of the frame at a time at slow speeds. The frames must be turned once to extract honey from both sides.
  2. RADIAL: Extracts honey from both sides of the frame simultaneously. The extractor looks like the spokes of a wheel, with the frame edges facing outward.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Barrel Feeding?

A
  • barrel of syrup is left out
    cons: disease spread, inc robbing
    pros: practical, fast
    used in fall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What feeding method is most commonly used by commercial beekeepers?

A

Protein patties
- provide protein while bees provide services to monoculture farms
- pollen captured through pollen traps in hives
- frozen & mixed w sugar syrup and soybean flour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long is the extraction process for one load of honey?

A

approx 10-15 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who cleans the combs before you can store them?

A

The bees will do this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bottling honey steps

A
  1. heat honey bc when it is left too long it will crystallize/granulate
  2. honey is strained and packaged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prolonged exposition of honey to high temperatures destroys _____ and ______ and _____ the product

A

enzymes
vitamins
darkens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F : honey can be stored in large containers for bulk purchase

A

False; store honey in small containers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two main components of honey?

A

Glucose and Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Honey characteristics: aroma/flavour is dependent on ________.
Taste of honey is due to _____, ________ and _______.
Colours of honey range from _______ to _______.
___________ honey is usually more expensive. An exception of this is ________.

A

nectar source
Sugar content, gluconic acid, proline
Water white, dark amber
Lighter, avocado blossom (very dark, very expensive).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which colour of honey is nutritionally better for you?

A

dark

27
Q

name the 4 physical properties of honey

A

Viscosity;
Relative Density;
Hygroscopicity;
Granulation;

28
Q

explain the 4 physical properties of honey

A

Viscosity; resistance to flow, affecteed by heat & moisture
Relative Density; weight per unit volume (relative to H2O) > 1.45 g/L
Hygroscopicity; ability to absorb moisture from air (spoils w fermentation)
Granulation; unstable glucose forms crystals

29
Q

GRANULATION CONT
Honey is a solution that is supersaturated with ______.
_____ is unstable and forms crystals.
Crystallisation is influenced by _____, _______ and _____ ______.
Higher moisture = _______ crystallization

A

Sugars
Glucose
moisture, temperature, floral source
less (longer period til it occurs)

30
Q

How do you determine the floral source of honey?

A
  • honey contains pollen grains
  • analyze pollen shape under a microscope and match with its corresponding blossom (floral source)
31
Q

Antibacterial properties:
Honey is ________ (pH=__-__)
what does this mean for germs?

A

Acidic
3-5
they will die in acidic environments

32
Q

What is produced when glucose oxidase acts on glucose? (what provides the acidic properties of honey)

A

Glucose oxidase–> glucose –> gluconic acid + hydrogen peroxide
gluconic acid provides acidic properties

33
Q

Excessive _____ and high ______ promote fermentation

A

Moisture
Temp

34
Q

Manuka honey:

A
  • manuka bush in new zealand
  • only type of honey that can be used as medicine due to high antibacterial properties
35
Q

Uses of manuka honey

A

acid reflux, heartburn, gastritis, ulcers, sore throat, colds, fevers, blisters, acne, etc

36
Q

What type of honey originates from poppies?

A
  • Amapola
37
Q

Where is the manuka bush located?

A

New Zealand

38
Q

4 types of honey

A
  1. extracted
  2. crystallized (creamed, smooth/small crystals)
  3. chunk (contains chunk of comb submerged in liquid honey)
  4. Comb (section of cut-comb)
39
Q

Where was creamed honey inventeed?

A

UofG

40
Q

Process of creaming honey

A
  1. flash heating
  2. filter
  3. seedling w crystallized honey; 5% crystallization added to liquid
  4. stored at 14 C
41
Q

Uses of honey:

A
  1. sweetener
  2. medicine
  3. honey wine/mead
42
Q

What is honey wine?

A

ancient alc bev
honey diluted with 1-3 parts water
wine yeasts and nutrients added
10-14% alc content

43
Q

Other honey products:

A
  1. beeswax
  2. pollen
  3. propolis
  4. royal jelly
44
Q

What is beeswax? what is it used by bees for?

A

Hydrocarbon product
building material

45
Q

Density and melting points of beeswax

A

0.95 (less than water)
62 deg C

46
Q

Is beeswax soluble? Where is it found

A

Yes, on top of honey barrel, floats to the top

47
Q

Uses of beeswax

A
  • wax foundation
  • candle
  • cosmetic
  • polish
  • insulator
    -dental impression wax
48
Q

What does pollen contain? What is its purpose for bees?

A
  • male reproductive cells of flowering plants
  • nutrients for brood rearing and adult bee growth
49
Q

What is the major protein component?

A

Pollen

50
Q

What is a pollen trap?
Pollen is collected with traps places at the _____ of the hive.
__________bees must pass through the trap as they return to hive, the pollen pellets are scraped off them using a hardware cloth.
The most used pollen trap is the _____ trap, invented at _______.

A

bottom
forager
OAC
UofG

51
Q

Pollen harvest steps: (2)

A
  1. traps have collecting trays
  2. pollen pellets harvested and dried (amounts vary greatly)
52
Q

Collecting more pollen leads to ______ honey.

A

Less

53
Q

Uses of pollen

A
  • dietary supplement for humans and animals
  • fish food
  • many colours
54
Q

Where is propolis gathered?

A
  • trees, it protects them against bacteria, virus and fungi
55
Q

Propolis is a mixture of ______ and ______ oils. And varies according to _______.

A

Resin
Volatile
plant source

56
Q

T/F propolis has antimicrobial properties

A

T

57
Q

How to get propolis

A
  • scrap hive parts w hive tool
  • use special inserts similar to queen excluder with spaces that mimic cracks
  • place between last super of hive and the top
  • bees fill cracks w propolis
58
Q

uses of propolis

A
  • treat wounds
  • additive into lotions, toothpaste, mouthwash, cream
  • wound disinfectant in WW2
  • more research has to be done bc side effects
59
Q

Royal jelly is a _____, ______, ______ secretion from ________ _________ glands.
used by bees as _____ and ______ food.

A

creamy white viscous secretion from workers head glands
brood , queen

60
Q

Royal jelly contains:

A

sugars, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins (B, C)

61
Q

production of royal jelly

A
  1. queen colonies given artifical queen cups with 12-36 h larvae
  2. 3 days later, larvae discarded, royal jelly collected
  3. each cell yield only 200mg (5=1g)
62
Q

Is royal jelly expensive? why

A

Labour intensive, it takes 5 cells (larvae deaths) to only produce 1g.

63
Q

Storage and uses of royal jelly

A
  • fridge/freezer
  • mix w honey to preserve better
  • cosmetics
  • no controlled medicinal studies have shown therapeutic effects of royal jelly

ENVS2210 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions