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ENVS2210 > From the flowers to the table > Flashcards

From the flowers to the table Flashcards

1
Q

what is honey?

A

Saturated sugar solution produced by honey bees from plant nectar. contains simple sugars that do not require additional digestion as well as protein (including enzymes), minerals, vitamins and water (no more than 20%)

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2
Q

What is nectar?

A

collected by bees to transform it into honey.
composed of 20-50% solids, rest is water.
most of solids are complex sugars (sucrose)

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3
Q

During the process called _______, forager bees regurgitate nectar and pass it to _____ ______. Before making it into honey, bees will add ________ to the nectar. This will break the bond between _____ and _______, which are components of ________.

A

Trophallaxis ( from foragers to another bee)
Nectar Receptors
Enzymes (Invertase)
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose

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4
Q

What type of bees collect nectar from flowers?

A

Foragers

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5
Q

What is nectar flow?

A

the period when flowers are producing enough nectar for bees to collect and store.

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6
Q

Before the nectar flow period, colonies are managed by:

A
  • swarm control (check for queen cells between brood boxes)
  • Supering
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7
Q

How do we know when to add more supers?

A

White wax at top or bottom of frame

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8
Q

Ripened honey contains less than _____% water.

A

20%

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9
Q

How do bees dehydrate nectar to less than 20%?

A

fan their wings to produce currents of warm air

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10
Q

Honey is ready fro removal (harvest) when it contains how much water?

A

less than 18-20%

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11
Q

What needs to happen in order for the supers to be harvested? Name the physical and chemical methods to do this

A

BEE REMOVAL
- bee brush (only for beekeepers with few hives
- Butyric acid (olfactory bee repellent)

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12
Q

What are the 4 steps in honey extraction?

A
  1. Uncapping: removal of wax caps covering cells in combs using a capping spinner
  2. Extracting: combs are centrifuged to extract honey from the interior of the cells
  3. Cleaning large particles from honey: settling it in tanks for several days
  4. Filtration: remove small particles
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the capping spinner? what can you do with wax after?

A

Removes excess honey from wax cappings
wax capping can be melted- main source of wax for a beekeeper

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14
Q

What is the main source that beekeepers get beeswax from?

A

Melting wax from the capping spinner

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15
Q

How does the honey extractor work?

A

removes honey by centrifugal force
motion throws liquid to the walls of the machine

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16
Q

What are the two types of honey extractors? how do they work?

A
  1. TANGENTIAL: Spins the honey on one side of the frame at a time at slow speeds. The frames must be turned once to extract honey from both sides.
  2. RADIAL: Extracts honey from both sides of the frame simultaneously. The extractor looks like the spokes of a wheel, with the frame edges facing outward.
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17
Q

What is Barrel Feeding?

A
  • barrel of syrup is left out
    cons: disease spread, inc robbing
    pros: practical, fast
    used in fall
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18
Q

What feeding method is most commonly used by commercial beekeepers?

A

Protein patties
- provide protein while bees provide services to monoculture farms
- pollen captured through pollen traps in hives
- frozen & mixed w sugar syrup and soybean flour

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19
Q

How long is the extraction process for one load of honey?

A

approx 10-15 mins

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20
Q

Who cleans the combs before you can store them?

A

The bees will do this

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21
Q

Bottling honey steps

A
  1. heat honey bc when it is left too long it will crystallize/granulate
  2. honey is strained and packaged
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22
Q

Prolonged exposition of honey to high temperatures destroys _____ and ______ and _____ the product

A

enzymes
vitamins
darkens

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23
Q

T/F : honey can be stored in large containers for bulk purchase

A

False; store honey in small containers

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24
Q

What are the two main components of honey?

A

Glucose and Fructose

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25
Honey characteristics: aroma/flavour is dependent on ________. Taste of honey is due to _____, ________ and _______. Colours of honey range from _______ to _______. ___________ honey is usually more expensive. An exception of this is ________.
nectar source Sugar content, gluconic acid, proline Water white, dark amber Lighter, avocado blossom (very dark, very expensive).
26
Which colour of honey is nutritionally better for you?
dark
27
name the 4 physical properties of honey
Viscosity; Relative Density; Hygroscopicity; Granulation;
28
explain the 4 physical properties of honey
Viscosity; resistance to flow, affecteed by heat & moisture Relative Density; weight per unit volume (relative to H2O) > 1.45 g/L Hygroscopicity; ability to absorb moisture from air (spoils w fermentation) Granulation; unstable glucose forms crystals
29
GRANULATION CONT Honey is a solution that is supersaturated with ______. _____ is unstable and forms crystals. Crystallisation is influenced by _____, _______ and _____ ______. Higher moisture = _______ crystallization
Sugars Glucose moisture, temperature, floral source less (longer period til it occurs)
30
How do you determine the floral source of honey?
- honey contains pollen grains - analyze pollen shape under a microscope and match with its corresponding blossom (floral source)
31
Antibacterial properties: Honey is ________ (pH=__-__) what does this mean for germs?
Acidic 3-5 they will die in acidic environments
32
What is produced when glucose oxidase acts on glucose? (what provides the acidic properties of honey)
Glucose oxidase--> glucose --> gluconic acid + hydrogen peroxide gluconic acid provides acidic properties
33
Excessive _____ and high ______ promote fermentation
Moisture Temp
34
Manuka honey:
- manuka bush in new zealand - only type of honey that can be used as medicine due to high antibacterial properties
35
Uses of manuka honey
acid reflux, heartburn, gastritis, ulcers, sore throat, colds, fevers, blisters, acne, etc
36
What type of honey originates from poppies?
- Amapola
37
Where is the manuka bush located?
New Zealand
38
4 types of honey
1. extracted 2. crystallized (creamed, smooth/small crystals) 3. chunk (contains chunk of comb submerged in liquid honey) 4. Comb (section of cut-comb)
39
Where was creamed honey inventeed?
UofG
40
Process of creaming honey
1. flash heating 2. filter 3. seedling w crystallized honey; 5% crystallization added to liquid 4. stored at 14 C
41
Uses of honey:
1. sweetener 2. medicine 3. honey wine/mead
42
What is honey wine?
ancient alc bev honey diluted with 1-3 parts water wine yeasts and nutrients added 10-14% alc content
43
Other honey products:
1. beeswax 2. pollen 3. propolis 4. royal jelly
44
What is beeswax? what is it used by bees for?
Hydrocarbon product building material
45
Density and melting points of beeswax
0.95 (less than water) 62 deg C
46
Is beeswax soluble? Where is it found
Yes, on top of honey barrel, floats to the top
47
Uses of beeswax
- wax foundation - candle - cosmetic - polish - insulator -dental impression wax
48
What does pollen contain? What is its purpose for bees?
- male reproductive cells of flowering plants - nutrients for brood rearing and adult bee growth
49
What is the major protein component?
Pollen
50
What is a pollen trap? Pollen is collected with traps places at the _____ of the hive. __________bees must pass through the trap as they return to hive, the pollen pellets are scraped off them using a hardware cloth. The most used pollen trap is the _____ trap, invented at _______.
bottom forager OAC UofG
51
Pollen harvest steps: (2)
1. traps have collecting trays 2. pollen pellets harvested and dried (amounts vary greatly)
52
Collecting more pollen leads to ______ honey.
Less
53
Uses of pollen
- dietary supplement for humans and animals - fish food - many colours
54
Where is propolis gathered?
- trees, it protects them against bacteria, virus and fungi
55
Propolis is a mixture of ______ and ______ oils. And varies according to _______.
Resin Volatile plant source
56
T/F propolis has antimicrobial properties
T
57
How to get propolis
- scrap hive parts w hive tool - use special inserts similar to queen excluder with spaces that mimic cracks - place between last super of hive and the top - bees fill cracks w propolis
58
uses of propolis
- treat wounds - additive into lotions, toothpaste, mouthwash, cream - wound disinfectant in WW2 - more research has to be done bc side effects
59
Royal jelly is a _____, ______, ______ secretion from ________ _________ glands. used by bees as _____ and ______ food.
creamy white viscous secretion from workers head glands brood , queen
60
Royal jelly contains:
sugars, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins (B, C)
61
production of royal jelly
1. queen colonies given artifical queen cups with 12-36 h larvae 2. 3 days later, larvae discarded, royal jelly collected 3. each cell yield only 200mg (5=1g)
62
Is royal jelly expensive? why
Labour intensive, it takes 5 cells (larvae deaths) to only produce 1g.
63
Storage and uses of royal jelly
- fridge/freezer - mix w honey to preserve better - cosmetics - no controlled medicinal studies have shown therapeutic effects of royal jelly

ENVS2210 (7 decks)

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