from codon readings 1 Flashcards
both plant and animal cells
-eukaryotes
-contain vacuole, mitochondria, nucleus
cellulose
-in plant cells
-stiff wall of interlocking fibers made from carbs that helps the plant to not move as much
vacuole
-in both plant and animal cells
-more present in plant cells
-holds key molecules such as water
chloroplast
-plant cells
-has two membranes and filled with membrane-bound sacs (vesicles) that are packaged with molecular machines to synthesize sugars (photosynthesis)
does plant or animal cell have more genes
-plant
what linkage type is found in plant cell wall
beta-glycosidic
turgor pressure
-plant cell vacuoles store enough water to push against the cell membrane and wall
plant leaf’s wilting/drying out is an example of
lower turgor pressure
actin filaments
-part of cytoskeleton
-made of strands of intertwined actin
-critical in cell movement such as muscle contraction
-small diameter
intermediate filaments
-part of cytoskeleton
-provides structural support
microtubules
-part of cytoskeleton
-hallow cylinders
-form roadways to move cargo to different areas
-large diameter
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
-rough (w/ ribosomes) or smooth (w/o ribosomes)
-in eukaryotes
-network of narrow tubes and flattened sacs
-where proteins and other molecules are processed or synthesized
golgi
-organelle composed of stacked, flattened sacs
-where proteins and molecules are processed and packaged for shipment
all cells contain
-cell membrane
-genetic material
-ribosomes
-cytoskeletal elements
-organelles
-cell wall
-flagella
cell membrane
lipid bilayer and membrane proteins with carbs attached to both
-regulates what ions and molecules come in and out of the cell
DNA molecules
chromosomes
-holds heritable information
protein production factories
ribosomes
organelles
membrane-bound internal compartments
-serve as “zip codes”
cell wall
outer limit of the cell which gives shape and protection
flagella
extend beyond the cell wall and whip or spin the cell through water
archean cells
-single-celled
-smaller than single celled eukaryotes
-live in extreme conditions
bacterial cells
-smaller than the average eukaryotic cell
-contain more flagella
-good and bad bacteria
-most single celled but some multicelluar
mitochondrion
organelle in eukaryotes
surrounded by two membranes and has a series of sacs and tubes
“power house of cell” (produces ATP by burning sugars)
prokaryote
archaea and bacteria
lack nucleus
pseudoscience
tradition that tries to explain or predict natural and physical things but does NOT rely on measurable evidence and invokes unnamed mechanisms rather than physical causes
hypothesis
proposed explanation for something that researchers observed
prediction
statement of an outcome that occurs if hypothesis is correct
monosaccharides
-simple sugars
-includes chain of carbons, carbonyl group (C=O), and a hydroxyl group (-OH)
carbohydrates are formed from
monosaccharides linking together
glycan
many simple sugars link together resulting in a polymer
glycosidic linkages
monosaccharides connect to form glycans via covalent bonding
phosphodiester
nucleotides form nucleic acids via covalent bonds
peptide bonds (short def)
amino acids form proteins via covalent bonding
carbon-oxygen-carbon
C-O-C bond
type of glycosidic linkages
carbohydrates functions
-energy storage
-structural support
-identification of cell and cell parts (“zip codes”)
most cells include
-cell membrane
-cell wall
-genetic material
-flagella
-cytoskeletal elements
-ribosomes
building block of cells
carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
what types of conditions can affect protein structure
heat, chemical reactions, etc
polypeptide
-proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids linked by peptide bonds
-longer polymer
central carbon has 4 e- for bonding
amino group
carboxyl group
r-group
hydrogen
electrically charged amino acids (+ or -) are…
hydrophilic and attract opposite charges
amino acids that have a polar side chain…
form H-bonds and are hydrophilic
non-polar amino acids are…
hydrophobic and cluster together
oligopeptide
protein of 20 or fewer amino acids
proteins
-compounds of high molar mass consisting of amino acids liked together
-both active groups in amino acid must be in specific order for protein to function
peptide bond
combination of amino acids which the amine group (on left) and carboxylic acid group (on right) group with other amino acids
what are the pros and cons of having organelles
-pros: allows for more efficient and complex cell function, carrying out more specific tasks
-cons: more energy is required to carry out cell function, making it slows cell division
monosaccharide examples
glucose and fructose
disaccharide examples
sucrose and lactose
polysaccharide examples
starch, cellulose, and glycogen
types of glycosidic bonds
a-glycosidic bonds
b-glycosidic bonds
a-glycosidic bonds
the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the anomeric carbon (subcentral carbon) is in alpha position
-BELOW the sugar plate of ring
b-glycosidic bonds
hydroxyl group (-OH) on the anomeric carbon (subcentral carbon) is in beta position
-ABOVE the sugar plate ring
a-glycosidic bonds are typically more
-flexible bonded structures and are more reliable for energy storage
b-glycosidic bonds are typically more
-rigid, linear structures and are suitable for structural support
