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GCSE Biology > From Big to Small > Flashcards

From Big to Small Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organelles?

A

Small structures inside a cell’s cytoplasm which carry out functions (jobs) to keep the cell alive .

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  1. Controls the activity of the cell by making proteins
  2. Contains chromosomes - strands of DNA which carry genes (each gene codes for a protein)
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3
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesises (assembles) proteins from amino acids

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4
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Filled with a watery liquid called cell sap; stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances.

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5
Q

How do microscopes work?

A

Light is reflected off structures inside the sample (object on the slide). The lenses focus that light so that we ca see the object.

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6
Q

What does changing the objective lens on a microscope do?

A

By changing the objective lens, we change the magnification (how many times bigger the object is than in real life)

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7
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest functional unit of life and contain a number of organelles (e.g nucleus). The cells in an organism are not all the same, there are many different types, each with a different job. Different types of cells are described as specialised.

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8
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of similar cells which work together to carry out the same function (job). An example in humans is muscle tissue.

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9
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are made up of several different tissues working together to carry out a more complex function. In humans, muscle is one of the tissues making up the heart.

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10
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Organ systems are made up of several different organs working together to carry out a complex function essential to life e.g. circulating blood around the body).

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11
Q

What do all cells begin as?

A

Stem cells - these are not specialised to a particular job, but are able to divide over and over to make new cells.

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12
Q

What is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution

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13
Q

How do you conduct a test for sugars?

A
  1. Add benedict’s solution to a sample of food
  2. Place in a water bath at 80°c for 5 minutes
  3. If sugar is present, the colour will change from blue to a brick red. If it turns green, yellow or orange, sugar is present but in a lower concentration
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14
Q

What is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

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15
Q

How do you conduct a test for starch?

A
  1. Add a few drops of orange iodine solution to the sample on a spotting tile.
  2. If starch is present, the solution will turn into a blue-black colour
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16
Q

How do you conduct a test for protein?

A
  1. Add 2cm³ water to a food sample and shake (if not already liquid)
  2. Add an equal volume of dilute potassium hydroxide and shake
  3. Add 2 drops of 1% copper sulfate solution
  4. If protein is present the colour will change to a pale purple
17
Q

What is used to test for protein?

A

Biuret

18
Q

What is used to test for lipids?

A
  1. The food sample is placed in a test tube
  2. Add a small volume of absolute ethanol and shake to dissolve any lipid in the alcohol.
  3. Add an equal volume of water
  4. A cloudy white colour (Caused by emulsion forming) indicates the presence of lipids.
19
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings. Controls what substances leave and enter the cell (selectively permeable)

20
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Jelly like liquid where chemical reactions occur.

21
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration, producing ATP (energy carrier molecule)

22
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Absorb light energy and use it to carry out the reactions of photosynthesis, making biological molecules for plant cells

23
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose (a carbohydrate) in plants. Helps to keep plants in a fixed shape (and so keeps the plant upright)

GCSE Biology (5 decks)

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