FRHD Midterm #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Between the ages of 2 and 6, how many pounds per year will children grow?
A
4 1/2
2
Q
What is the weight and height of a healthy 6-year old?
A
40-50 pounds and 3 1/2 feet
3
Q
True or False: Being from a low-income family is correlated with being overweight
A
True
4
Q
Is childhood obesity increasing or decreasing in Canada?
A
Increasing
5
Q
What is the “just right” principle?
A
A normal phenomenon among young children involving the same rigid routines which can become a sign of OCD in adults
6
Q
What can difficulties with motor skills often lead to?
A
Issues with brain development
7
Q
What age does does brain development increase the most?
A
Between the ages of 2 and 6
8
Q
What does the pre-frontal cortex do?
A
in charge of planning, prioritizing, and reflection; also assists with impulse control and emotional regulation
9
Q
What is the Amygdala?
A
neural centres in the limbic system linked to emotion
10
Q
What is the hypothalamus?
A
controls maintenance functions such as eating
11
Q
What is the limbic system of the brain?
A
Consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary gland, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus which controls emotion, memories and arousal
12
Q
What is the hippocampus?
A
A structure in the limbic system which controls memory
13
Q
True or False: the left and right side of the brain do not work. together when the brain is fully developed
A
False; the left and right side of the brain have to work together during develop
14
Q
What is the corpus callosum?
A
A long thick band of nerve fibres that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain to take place
15
Q
What is lateralization?
A
The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain with one side dominant for each activity
16
Q
What is the left side of the brain dedicated to?
A
logical reasoning, detail analysis, and basis of language
17
Q
What is the right side of the brain dedicated to?
A
emotions, creativity, and appreciation of art and music
18
Q
What is the pituitary gland?
A
a gland in the brain that produced hormones when signaled by the hypothalamus
19
Q
What is the preoperational stage of development?
A
Founded by Piaget, acknowledges language and imagination, but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible (ages 2-6)
20
Q
What are the characteristics of preoperational thought?
A
Centration, Appearance, Static, Irreversible
21
Q
What is the conservation principle?
A
the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes
22
Q
What is guided participation?
A
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
23
Q
What is scaffolding?
A
temporary support that is tailored to the learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
24
Q
What is the zone of proximal development?
A
a range of skills that a child can complete with assistance
25
What is theory-theory?
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
26
What is the theory of mind?
A person's theory about what other people might be thinking (folk psychology)
27
What is the idea of fast-mapping?
the speedy and something imprecise way in which children learn new words by. tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning
28
What is overregulation?
the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, speaking as if the language is more regular than it actually is
29
What are child-centered developmental programs?
Programs that support children to follow their own interests instead of adult direction
30
What is teacher-directed programs?
Programs that stress academics and are taught by one adult to a group of children
31
What happens during the solitary stage of play?
a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby
32
What happens during the onlooker stage of play?
a child watches other children play
33
What happens during the parallel stage of play?
children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together
34
What happens during the associative stage of play?
children interact, sharing materials, but their play is not reciprocal
35
What happens during the cooperative stage of play?
children play together, creating dramas or taking turns
36
What are the four main styles of parenting?
Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful/uninvolved
37
What is primary prevention of an injury?
structures in the environment to make harm less likely to reduce everyone's ricks
38
What is secondary prevention of an injury?
an action that averts harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or actions that are taken to avoid a disease that an individual is likely to have
39
What is tertiary prevention of an injury?
begins after the harm has occurred
40
What is instrumental aggression?
hurtful behaviour that is aimed at gaining something that someone else takes
41
What is reactive aggression?
an impulsive retaliation for a hurt that can be verbal or physical
42
What is relational aggression?
nonphysical acts, such as insults, or social rejection aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others
43
What is bullying aggression?
unprovoked repeated physical or verbal attack
44
What happens to growth rates in children between the ages of 6-11?
growth rates steady out
45
What are some risk associated with sports from children ages 6-11?
lose of self esteem, injuries, reinforcement of prejudices, and increased stress
46
What would make a child fit into the obese category?
having a BMI in the 95th percentile
47
What would make a child fit into the overweight category?
having a BMI in the 85th percentile
48
What factors are heavily impacted as a child's weight increases?
school achievement decreases, self-esteem fails and loneliness increases
49
How can obesity be inherited?
By inheriting the FTO gene from both of there parents
50
What is selective attention and when does it develop?
develops between the ages of 6-11, it is the ability to attend to many areas of the brain at one and focus on the most important elements
51
What is concrete operational thought?
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
52
At what age range do children start to understand concepts like reversibility, putting stuff in order and categories?
6-11
53
What is the sensory memory?
the component of the memory in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a spilt second to allow it to be processed
54
What is the working memory?
the component of the memory in which current conscious metal activity occurs (a.k.a. short term)
55
What is the long term memory?
the component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinite
56
How does the memory function between the ages of 5-7?
Children realize that some things should be remembered and use simple strategies (repetition) to do this
57
How does the memory function between the ages of 7-9?
New strategies to remember things are increased if taught (ex:visual and rhyming clues_
58
How does the memory function between the ages of 9-11?
More adaptive and self-founded strategies are learned (pneumonic devices)
59
What are the three ways children are introduced to second language schooling?
Immersion, ESL, and bilingual schooling
60
What is immersion schooling?
a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second language
61
What is a negative to immersion schooling?
if parents do not speak the language being taught, they cannot help with homework
62
What is ESL learning?
an approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak english are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic english so they can then be educated in english
63
What is bilingual schooling?
a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second language
64
What is the hidden curriculum?
the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning
65
What is the phonics approach to teaching reading and math?
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and various letter combinations; greater emphasis on basic math skills
66
What is the whole-language approach to teaching reading and math?
teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills like talking, listening, reading and writing; encourages a broader conceptual understanding. of math
67
Are larger differences in academic achievement seen in children of different genders or different SES?
different SES standard
68
How do girls and boys academic achievements compare during childhood?
girls typically get higher grades than boys do but at puberty girl's achievement dips
69
What is aptitude?
the potential to master a specific skills or to learn a certain body of knowledge
70
What is an IQ test?
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school
71
What is developmental psychopathy?
the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate, development disorders and vice versa
72
What are the four principles about development psychopathology?
life may be better or worse in adulthood, diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context, abnormality is normal and disability changes year by year
73
What is co-morbidity?
the presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person
74
What is multifinality?
a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many symptoms
75
What is equifinality?
a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes
76
What is ADHD?
a condition in which a person not only has great difficultly concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive
77
What is autistic spectrum disorder?
any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communications, and unusual play
78
What is asperger's syndrome?
A disorder in which a person has impaired social interaction but near normal communication skills and brilliance in some areas (a type of autism)
79
What is a learning disability?
a delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by anything else
80
What is dyslexia?
A type of learning disability, where one has unusual difficulty with reading which is thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment
81
What does stage does Freud describe ages 6-11 in and what does this mean?
Latency; emotional drives are quiet and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged
82
What stage does Erikson describe describe ages 6-11 in and what does this mean?
industry vs. inferiority ; tension between productivity and incompetence
83
What happens to a child's self-concept during the ages 6-11?
children become more logical and less optimistic
84
What is social comparison?
Associated with self-concept; the tendency to asses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers
85
What is a nuclear family?
a family that consists of a father, mother and their biological children under the age of 18
86
What is a single parent family?
A family that consists of only one. parent and his or her biological children under the age of 18
87
What is a skipped generation family?
A family where grandparents are the primary caregiver with no biological parents
88
What is an extended family?
A family of three or more generation living in one household
89
What is an astronaut family?
A family where members live in different countries, children in such families are known as satellite or parachute children
90
What type of family can children strive the most in?
Children strive in all family structures
91
What type of children would be considered unpopular?
aggressive and withdrawn rejected children
92
What is social cognition?
the ability. to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behaviour
93
What is a bully-victim?
some one who is a bully and a vicitm
94
What are the type of bullying?
physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying
95
In terms of bullying, what category do most children fall into?
the bystander category
96
What are kohlber's cognitive stages of morality?
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
97
What happens during preconventional moral reasoning?
egocentrics; children seek pleasure and avoid pain rather than focusing on social concern
98
What happens during conventional moral reasoning?
parallels concrete operational thought in that it related to specific practices; children try to follow norms, what their parents, teachers, and friends do
99
What happens during postconventional moral reasoning?
uses formal operational thought: people use logic in developing a personal moral code
100
What are the three common of morality between children?
1. protect your friends
2. don't tell adults
3. don't be too different from your peers
101
What is animism?
the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive
102
What is intrinsic motivation?
a drive resulting from one's inside emotions
103
What is extrinsic motivation?
a drive resulting from one's rewards in the outside world
104
How long does puberty typically last?
three to five years
105
What is a menarche?
A girl's first menstrual period, signalling that she has begun ovulation
106
What is spermarche?
A boys's first ejaculation of sperm
107
When do erections start to occur?
as early as infancy
108
How is puberty started in the brain?
the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland which then produces hormones which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce even more hormones
109
How is puberty started in the gonads?
the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to produce hormones in the gonads
110
What happens to the gonads during the the beginning of puberty?
increase in size and production of sex hormones
111
When is fertility at it's height amount?
6 years after menarche
112
What are some reasons as to why a girl may have a later first period?
low body fat (most girls reach 100 pounds before), genetics
113
What are some reasons as to why a girl may have an earlier first period?
genetics, and stress
114
What are primary sex characteristics?
the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction including the vagina, ovaries, testicles, and penis
115
What are secondary sex characteristics?
physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity; such as a man's beard and women's breasts
116
What sex characteristics do both males and females have in common?
pubic hair
117
What are the impacts of girls developing too early?
low self-esteem, depression, relational bullying, and physical violence
118
What are the impacts of boys developing too late?
more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex
119
What are the impacts of boys developing too early?
aggressive, law-breaking and alcohol abusing
120
During puberty, does weight or height increase first?
Weight
121
During puberty, do the limbs or torso increase first?
Limbs
122
How much do the heart and lungs grow during puberty?
Lungs triple; heart doubles
123
What changes in the circadian rhythm during adolescence?
hormones cause humans to be awake in the night
124
What vitamins are the most deficient in adolescent female bodies?
Iron, Zinc, and Calcium
125
What is anorexia?
refusal to maintain weight that is at least 85% of BMI, absence of menstruation, denial
126
What is bulimia?
bingeing and purging at least once a week for three months, uncontrollable urges to overeat, and a distorted perception of body size
127
During adolescence, what is a personal fable?
reflects the adolescence belief that their thoughts, and feelings are unique or special to themselves
128
During adolescence, what is an imaginary audience?
The idea that others are paying very close attention to everything that you are doing
129
During adolescence, what is invincibility fable?
belief that they cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal
130
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
a hallmark of formal operational thought is the capacity to think of possibility not just reality
131
What are the two types of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
deductive and inductive reasoning
132
What is deductive reasoning?
reasoning from a general statement, premise or principal through logical steps
133
What is inductive reading?
reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion
134
True or False: Graduating high school has no correlations with health later on in life
False; people who graduate high school are usually healthier than people who do not graduate high school
135
What is the entity approach to intelligence?
An understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement`
136
What is an incremental approach to intelligence?
An approach to understanding intelligence that holds work ethic as how well you do in school
137
What is role confusion?
Occurs in teens who don't know their identity and do not care to find out
138
What is foreclosure?
When teens adopt parents or society's roles and values without questioning
139
What is moratorium?
choice of socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achieving abilities
140
What is an integrated ethnic identity?
An identity that encloses both the heritage and new settlement
141
What is a separate ethnic identity?
An identity that encloses only the heritage, and not the new settlement
142
What is a national ethnic identity?
An identity that encloses only the new settlement, and not the heritage
143
What is a diffuse ethnic identity?
An identity that encloses neither the new settlement or the heritage
144
When looking at adolescence relationships with their parents, what is meant by the term 'granting greater autonomy'?
As adolescents get older, parents may grant more autonomy often with positive affects
145
What are the four aspects of family closeness?
communication, support, connectedness, and control
146
True or False: Peer pressure is always negative
False; it can be positive or neutral as well
147
What is deviancy training?
Destructive peer support in which one person shows another person how to rebel against social norms
148
Are teens today more or less sexually healthy than in past decades?
more
149
True or False: children are more likely to remain a virgin if they have a close and warm relationship with their parents
True
150
What are some consequences of a teen having sex too early on?
adolescent pregnancy, sexual abuse, infections and diseases, psychosocial issues
151
What females teens more likely to be depressed?
teens with mothers who are belligerent, disapproving, and contemptuous
152
What are the three most popular drugs among Canadian youth?
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis
153
What are the impacts of tobacco?
impairs digestion and nutrition, and slows down growth
154
What are the impacts of alcohol?
impairs memory and self control
155
What gross motor skills do children develop?
use of arms and legs to move back and forth, sit unsupported, lift midsections and begin to crawl
156
What fine motor skills do children develop?
throughout infancy, children build up the ability to grip objects, they eventually master the pincer movement
157
What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?
coordinates voluntary movement and balance
158
What parts of the brain develop during early childhood?
Pre-frontal cortex, auditory cortex, amygala, hippocampus, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, visual cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex
159
What are examples of externalizing problems?
Lashing out, breaking things, lack of emotional regulation, expression, uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts
160
What are examples of internalizing problems?
Turning emotions and distress inward, difficulty with emotional regulation, feelings of guilt, shame and worthlessness
161
How are externalizing and internalizing problems linked to psychopathy?
Children who have strong externalizing or internalizing problems is a predictor that they will suffer from psychopathy later on
162
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
high standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication
163
What is the authoritative parenting style?
sets limits but listens, flexible
164
What is the permissive parenting style?
high nurturance and communication, little discipline or control
165
What is the neglectful parenting style?
indifferent, unaware of what is happening in child's life
166
What is myelination?
the formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve to increase speed of nerve impulses
167
What does balanced bilingual mean?
a person who is fluent in two languages, not favouring one over the other
168
What is meant by initiative vs guilt?
children undertake new skills but can feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
169
What is the definition of child maltreatment?
intention to harm or the avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age
170
What is the definition of child abuse?
deliberate action that is harmful to a child
171
What is the definition of child neglect?
failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs
172
What is the definition of sex difference within early childhood?
biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body types
173
What is the definition of gender differences within early children?
differences in the roles and behaviour of males and females that are given by a culture
174
What is gender schema?
the idea that child adjust their behaviour to align with the gender norms of their culture
175
What does self-concept look like in early childhood development?
positive, think they are strong, funny, good-looking, etc.
176
What is symbolic thought?
the concept that an object or word can stand for something else including something pretend
177
What does centration refer to in preoperational thought?
a young child will focus on one idea excluding any others
178
What does appearance refer to in preoperational thought?
a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
179
What does static reasoning refer to in preoperational thought?
a young child thinks that nothing ever changes, it is either one or the other
180
What does irreversibility refer to in preoperational thought?
a young child thinks that nothing can be undone
181
What is overimitation?
the tendencyof children to copy an action that is not relevant to the behaviour learned
182
What are some long-term gains of intensive early childhood programs?
Less likely to be arrested, more likely to graduate high school, earn more money and do more homework
183
What is the superego?
the judgemental part of personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents
184
What is identification?
an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviours and attitudes of others
185
What does the moral domain deal with?
issues about rights, justice (ex: when a child realizes its wrong to hit someones)
186
What does the social conventional domain deal with?
commonly agreed upon rules (ex: raising your hand in class)
187
What does the personal domain deal with?
matters on individual choice and preference (ex: what clothes you wear)
188
What is sex homophiliy?
a preference to interact with one's own sex
189
What is resilience in childhood?
Positive adaptation to stress
190
Does resilience always remain consistent throughout childhood?
no, resilience is dynamic
191
What is the difference between piaget and vygotsky's ideas for middle childhood?
Piaget believed children in this stage start to think logically through sorting, and Vygotsky thought that children think by instuction
192
What is bipolar disorder?
a condition characterized by extreme mood swings
193
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
a condition in which a. child has chronic irritability, and anger that culminates in tantrums
194
What is specific learning disorder?
a marked deficit in a certain subject caused by an outside factor
195
What is dyscalculia?
unusual difficulty with math
196
What is a least restrictive environment?
a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general education context in which they are expected to learn
197
What is meant by response to intervention?
An educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who are below average
198
What is an individual education plan?
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs
199
What are children's 5 needs in middle childhood?
physical, learning, self-respect, friends, and stability
200
What is child culture?
the habits, styles, and values that affect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children
201
What is the main criticisms of kohlberg's moral reasonings?
Gender bias towards boys
202
What are the 5 areas of identity achievement?
religious, political, gender, vocational, and ethnic
203
What are the two modes of thinking in adolesence?
intuitive and analytic
204
What is intuitive thought?
thought that arises from emotional or thought
205
What is analytic thought?
thoughts that result from analysis
206
What is a result for sexual abuse in the HPA?
can break down the HPA causing earlier puberty
207
What are the 4 forms of sex education?
parents, friends, media, and school
208
What is the secular trend?
The idea that puberty is starting earlier now for both boys and girls compared to 100 years ago
