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FRHD 1010 > FRHD Midterm #2 > Flashcards

FRHD Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Between the ages of 2 and 6, how many pounds per year will children grow?

A

4 1/2

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2
Q

What is the weight and height of a healthy 6-year old?

A

40-50 pounds and 3 1/2 feet

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3
Q

True or False: Being from a low-income family is correlated with being overweight

A

True

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4
Q

Is childhood obesity increasing or decreasing in Canada?

A

Increasing

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5
Q

What is the “just right” principle?

A

A normal phenomenon among young children involving the same rigid routines which can become a sign of OCD in adults

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6
Q

What can difficulties with motor skills often lead to?

A

Issues with brain development

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7
Q

What age does does brain development increase the most?

A

Between the ages of 2 and 6

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8
Q

What does the pre-frontal cortex do?

A

in charge of planning, prioritizing, and reflection; also assists with impulse control and emotional regulation

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9
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

neural centres in the limbic system linked to emotion

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

controls maintenance functions such as eating

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11
Q

What is the limbic system of the brain?

A

Consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary gland, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus which controls emotion, memories and arousal

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12
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

A structure in the limbic system which controls memory

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13
Q

True or False: the left and right side of the brain do not work. together when the brain is fully developed

A

False; the left and right side of the brain have to work together during develop

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14
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A long thick band of nerve fibres that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain to take place

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15
Q

What is lateralization?

A

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain with one side dominant for each activity

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16
Q

What is the left side of the brain dedicated to?

A

logical reasoning, detail analysis, and basis of language

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17
Q

What is the right side of the brain dedicated to?

A

emotions, creativity, and appreciation of art and music

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18
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

a gland in the brain that produced hormones when signaled by the hypothalamus

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19
Q

What is the preoperational stage of development?

A

Founded by Piaget, acknowledges language and imagination, but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible (ages 2-6)

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of preoperational thought?

A

Centration, Appearance, Static, Irreversible

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21
Q

What is the conservation principle?

A

the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes

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22
Q

What is guided participation?

A

the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

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23
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

temporary support that is tailored to the learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

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24
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

a range of skills that a child can complete with assistance

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25
Q

What is theory-theory?

A

the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

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26
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

A person’s theory about what other people might be thinking (folk psychology)

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27
Q

What is the idea of fast-mapping?

A

the speedy and something imprecise way in which children learn new words by. tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning

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28
Q

What is overregulation?

A

the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, speaking as if the language is more regular than it actually is

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29
Q

What are child-centered developmental programs?

A

Programs that support children to follow their own interests instead of adult direction

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30
Q

What is teacher-directed programs?

A

Programs that stress academics and are taught by one adult to a group of children

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31
Q

What happens during the solitary stage of play?

A

a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

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32
Q

What happens during the onlooker stage of play?

A

a child watches other children play

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33
Q

What happens during the parallel stage of play?

A

children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together

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34
Q

What happens during the associative stage of play?

A

children interact, sharing materials, but their play is not reciprocal

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35
Q

What happens during the cooperative stage of play?

A

children play together, creating dramas or taking turns

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36
Q

What are the four main styles of parenting?

A

Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful/uninvolved

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37
Q

What is primary prevention of an injury?

A

structures in the environment to make harm less likely to reduce everyone’s ricks

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38
Q

What is secondary prevention of an injury?

A

an action that averts harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or actions that are taken to avoid a disease that an individual is likely to have

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39
Q

What is tertiary prevention of an injury?

A

begins after the harm has occurred

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40
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

hurtful behaviour that is aimed at gaining something that someone else takes

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41
Q

What is reactive aggression?

A

an impulsive retaliation for a hurt that can be verbal or physical

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42
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

nonphysical acts, such as insults, or social rejection aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others

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43
Q

What is bullying aggression?

A

unprovoked repeated physical or verbal attack

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44
Q

What happens to growth rates in children between the ages of 6-11?

A

growth rates steady out

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45
Q

What are some risk associated with sports from children ages 6-11?

A

lose of self esteem, injuries, reinforcement of prejudices, and increased stress

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46
Q

What would make a child fit into the obese category?

A

having a BMI in the 95th percentile

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47
Q

What would make a child fit into the overweight category?

A

having a BMI in the 85th percentile

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48
Q

What factors are heavily impacted as a child’s weight increases?

A

school achievement decreases, self-esteem fails and loneliness increases

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49
Q

How can obesity be inherited?

A

By inheriting the FTO gene from both of there parents

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50
Q

What is selective attention and when does it develop?

A

develops between the ages of 6-11, it is the ability to attend to many areas of the brain at one and focus on the most important elements

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51
Q

What is concrete operational thought?

A

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

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52
Q

At what age range do children start to understand concepts like reversibility, putting stuff in order and categories?

A

6-11

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53
Q

What is the sensory memory?

A

the component of the memory in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a spilt second to allow it to be processed

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54
Q

What is the working memory?

A

the component of the memory in which current conscious metal activity occurs (a.k.a. short term)

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55
Q

What is the long term memory?

A

the component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinite

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56
Q

How does the memory function between the ages of 5-7?

A

Children realize that some things should be remembered and use simple strategies (repetition) to do this

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57
Q

How does the memory function between the ages of 7-9?

A

New strategies to remember things are increased if taught (ex:visual and rhyming clues_

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58
Q

How does the memory function between the ages of 9-11?

A

More adaptive and self-founded strategies are learned (pneumonic devices)

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59
Q

What are the three ways children are introduced to second language schooling?

A

Immersion, ESL, and bilingual schooling

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60
Q

What is immersion schooling?

A

a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second language

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61
Q

What is a negative to immersion schooling?

A

if parents do not speak the language being taught, they cannot help with homework

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62
Q

What is ESL learning?

A

an approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak english are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic english so they can then be educated in english

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63
Q

What is bilingual schooling?

A

a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second language

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64
Q

What is the hidden curriculum?

A

the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning

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65
Q

What is the phonics approach to teaching reading and math?

A

teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and various letter combinations; greater emphasis on basic math skills

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66
Q

What is the whole-language approach to teaching reading and math?

A

teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills like talking, listening, reading and writing; encourages a broader conceptual understanding. of math

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67
Q

Are larger differences in academic achievement seen in children of different genders or different SES?

A

different SES standard

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68
Q

How do girls and boys academic achievements compare during childhood?

A

girls typically get higher grades than boys do but at puberty girl’s achievement dips

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69
Q

What is aptitude?

A

the potential to master a specific skills or to learn a certain body of knowledge

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70
Q

What is an IQ test?

A

A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school

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71
Q

What is developmental psychopathy?

A

the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate, development disorders and vice versa

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72
Q

What are the four principles about development psychopathology?

A

life may be better or worse in adulthood, diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context, abnormality is normal and disability changes year by year

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73
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

the presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person

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74
Q

What is multifinality?

A

a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many symptoms

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75
Q

What is equifinality?

A

a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes

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76
Q

What is ADHD?

A

a condition in which a person not only has great difficultly concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive

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77
Q

What is autistic spectrum disorder?

A

any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communications, and unusual play

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78
Q

What is asperger’s syndrome?

A

A disorder in which a person has impaired social interaction but near normal communication skills and brilliance in some areas (a type of autism)

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79
Q

What is a learning disability?

A

a delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by anything else

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80
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

A type of learning disability, where one has unusual difficulty with reading which is thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

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81
Q

What does stage does Freud describe ages 6-11 in and what does this mean?

A

Latency; emotional drives are quiet and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged

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82
Q

What stage does Erikson describe describe ages 6-11 in and what does this mean?

A

industry vs. inferiority ; tension between productivity and incompetence

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83
Q

What happens to a child’s self-concept during the ages 6-11?

A

children become more logical and less optimistic

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84
Q

What is social comparison?

A

Associated with self-concept; the tendency to asses one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers

85
Q

What is a nuclear family?

A

a family that consists of a father, mother and their biological children under the age of 18

86
Q

What is a single parent family?

A

A family that consists of only one. parent and his or her biological children under the age of 18

87
Q

What is a skipped generation family?

A

A family where grandparents are the primary caregiver with no biological parents

88
Q

What is an extended family?

A

A family of three or more generation living in one household

89
Q

What is an astronaut family?

A

A family where members live in different countries, children in such families are known as satellite or parachute children

90
Q

What type of family can children strive the most in?

A

Children strive in all family structures

91
Q

What type of children would be considered unpopular?

A

aggressive and withdrawn rejected children

92
Q

What is social cognition?

A

the ability. to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behaviour

93
Q

What is a bully-victim?

A

some one who is a bully and a vicitm

94
Q

What are the type of bullying?

A

physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying

95
Q

In terms of bullying, what category do most children fall into?

A

the bystander category

96
Q

What are kohlber’s cognitive stages of morality?

A

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

97
Q

What happens during preconventional moral reasoning?

A

egocentrics; children seek pleasure and avoid pain rather than focusing on social concern

98
Q

What happens during conventional moral reasoning?

A

parallels concrete operational thought in that it related to specific practices; children try to follow norms, what their parents, teachers, and friends do

99
Q

What happens during postconventional moral reasoning?

A

uses formal operational thought: people use logic in developing a personal moral code

100
Q

What are the three common of morality between children?

A
  1. protect your friends
  2. don’t tell adults
  3. don’t be too different from your peers
101
Q

What is animism?

A

the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive

102
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

a drive resulting from one’s inside emotions

103
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

a drive resulting from one’s rewards in the outside world

104
Q

How long does puberty typically last?

A

three to five years

105
Q

What is a menarche?

A

A girl’s first menstrual period, signalling that she has begun ovulation

106
Q

What is spermarche?

A

A boys’s first ejaculation of sperm

107
Q

When do erections start to occur?

A

as early as infancy

108
Q

How is puberty started in the brain?

A

the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland which then produces hormones which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce even more hormones

109
Q

How is puberty started in the gonads?

A

the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to produce hormones in the gonads

110
Q

What happens to the gonads during the the beginning of puberty?

A

increase in size and production of sex hormones

111
Q

When is fertility at it’s height amount?

A

6 years after menarche

112
Q

What are some reasons as to why a girl may have a later first period?

A

low body fat (most girls reach 100 pounds before), genetics

113
Q

What are some reasons as to why a girl may have an earlier first period?

A

genetics, and stress

114
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction including the vagina, ovaries, testicles, and penis

115
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity; such as a man’s beard and women’s breasts

116
Q

What sex characteristics do both males and females have in common?

A

pubic hair

117
Q

What are the impacts of girls developing too early?

A

low self-esteem, depression, relational bullying, and physical violence

118
Q

What are the impacts of boys developing too late?

A

more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex

119
Q

What are the impacts of boys developing too early?

A

aggressive, law-breaking and alcohol abusing

120
Q

During puberty, does weight or height increase first?

A

Weight

121
Q

During puberty, do the limbs or torso increase first?

A

Limbs

122
Q

How much do the heart and lungs grow during puberty?

A

Lungs triple; heart doubles

123
Q

What changes in the circadian rhythm during adolescence?

A

hormones cause humans to be awake in the night

124
Q

What vitamins are the most deficient in adolescent female bodies?

A

Iron, Zinc, and Calcium

125
Q

What is anorexia?

A

refusal to maintain weight that is at least 85% of BMI, absence of menstruation, denial

126
Q

What is bulimia?

A

bingeing and purging at least once a week for three months, uncontrollable urges to overeat, and a distorted perception of body size

127
Q

During adolescence, what is a personal fable?

A

reflects the adolescence belief that their thoughts, and feelings are unique or special to themselves

128
Q

During adolescence, what is an imaginary audience?

A

The idea that others are paying very close attention to everything that you are doing

129
Q

During adolescence, what is invincibility fable?

A

belief that they cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal

130
Q

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A

a hallmark of formal operational thought is the capacity to think of possibility not just reality

131
Q

What are the two types of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A

deductive and inductive reasoning

132
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

reasoning from a general statement, premise or principal through logical steps

133
Q

What is inductive reading?

A

reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion

134
Q

True or False: Graduating high school has no correlations with health later on in life

A

False; people who graduate high school are usually healthier than people who do not graduate high school

135
Q

What is the entity approach to intelligence?

A

An understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement`

136
Q

What is an incremental approach to intelligence?

A

An approach to understanding intelligence that holds work ethic as how well you do in school

137
Q

What is role confusion?

A

Occurs in teens who don’t know their identity and do not care to find out

138
Q

What is foreclosure?

A

When teens adopt parents or society’s roles and values without questioning

139
Q

What is moratorium?

A

choice of socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achieving abilities

140
Q

What is an integrated ethnic identity?

A

An identity that encloses both the heritage and new settlement

141
Q

What is a separate ethnic identity?

A

An identity that encloses only the heritage, and not the new settlement

142
Q

What is a national ethnic identity?

A

An identity that encloses only the new settlement, and not the heritage

143
Q

What is a diffuse ethnic identity?

A

An identity that encloses neither the new settlement or the heritage

144
Q

When looking at adolescence relationships with their parents, what is meant by the term ‘granting greater autonomy’?

A

As adolescents get older, parents may grant more autonomy often with positive affects

145
Q

What are the four aspects of family closeness?

A

communication, support, connectedness, and control

146
Q

True or False: Peer pressure is always negative

A

False; it can be positive or neutral as well

147
Q

What is deviancy training?

A

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another person how to rebel against social norms

148
Q

Are teens today more or less sexually healthy than in past decades?

A

more

149
Q

True or False: children are more likely to remain a virgin if they have a close and warm relationship with their parents

A

True

150
Q

What are some consequences of a teen having sex too early on?

A

adolescent pregnancy, sexual abuse, infections and diseases, psychosocial issues

151
Q

What females teens more likely to be depressed?

A

teens with mothers who are belligerent, disapproving, and contemptuous

152
Q

What are the three most popular drugs among Canadian youth?

A

Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis

153
Q

What are the impacts of tobacco?

A

impairs digestion and nutrition, and slows down growth

154
Q

What are the impacts of alcohol?

A

impairs memory and self control

155
Q

What gross motor skills do children develop?

A

use of arms and legs to move back and forth, sit unsupported, lift midsections and begin to crawl

156
Q

What fine motor skills do children develop?

A

throughout infancy, children build up the ability to grip objects, they eventually master the pincer movement

157
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?

A

coordinates voluntary movement and balance

158
Q

What parts of the brain develop during early childhood?

A

Pre-frontal cortex, auditory cortex, amygala, hippocampus, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, visual cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex

159
Q

What are examples of externalizing problems?

A

Lashing out, breaking things, lack of emotional regulation, expression, uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts

160
Q

What are examples of internalizing problems?

A

Turning emotions and distress inward, difficulty with emotional regulation, feelings of guilt, shame and worthlessness

161
Q

How are externalizing and internalizing problems linked to psychopathy?

A

Children who have strong externalizing or internalizing problems is a predictor that they will suffer from psychopathy later on

162
Q

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

A

high standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication

163
Q

What is the authoritative parenting style?

A

sets limits but listens, flexible

164
Q

What is the permissive parenting style?

A

high nurturance and communication, little discipline or control

165
Q

What is the neglectful parenting style?

A

indifferent, unaware of what is happening in child’s life

166
Q

What is myelination?

A

the formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve to increase speed of nerve impulses

167
Q

What does balanced bilingual mean?

A

a person who is fluent in two languages, not favouring one over the other

168
Q

What is meant by initiative vs guilt?

A

children undertake new skills but can feel guilty when they do not succeed at them

169
Q

What is the definition of child maltreatment?

A

intention to harm or the avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age

170
Q

What is the definition of child abuse?

A

deliberate action that is harmful to a child

171
Q

What is the definition of child neglect?

A

failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

172
Q

What is the definition of sex difference within early childhood?

A

biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body types

173
Q

What is the definition of gender differences within early children?

A

differences in the roles and behaviour of males and females that are given by a culture

174
Q

What is gender schema?

A

the idea that child adjust their behaviour to align with the gender norms of their culture

175
Q

What does self-concept look like in early childhood development?

A

positive, think they are strong, funny, good-looking, etc.

176
Q

What is symbolic thought?

A

the concept that an object or word can stand for something else including something pretend

177
Q

What does centration refer to in preoperational thought?

A

a young child will focus on one idea excluding any others

178
Q

What does appearance refer to in preoperational thought?

A

a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

179
Q

What does static reasoning refer to in preoperational thought?

A

a young child thinks that nothing ever changes, it is either one or the other

180
Q

What does irreversibility refer to in preoperational thought?

A

a young child thinks that nothing can be undone

181
Q

What is overimitation?

A

the tendencyof children to copy an action that is not relevant to the behaviour learned

182
Q

What are some long-term gains of intensive early childhood programs?

A

Less likely to be arrested, more likely to graduate high school, earn more money and do more homework

183
Q

What is the superego?

A

the judgemental part of personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents

184
Q

What is identification?

A

an attempt to defend one’s self-concept by taking on the behaviours and attitudes of others

185
Q

What does the moral domain deal with?

A

issues about rights, justice (ex: when a child realizes its wrong to hit someones)

186
Q

What does the social conventional domain deal with?

A

commonly agreed upon rules (ex: raising your hand in class)

187
Q

What does the personal domain deal with?

A

matters on individual choice and preference (ex: what clothes you wear)

188
Q

What is sex homophiliy?

A

a preference to interact with one’s own sex

189
Q

What is resilience in childhood?

A

Positive adaptation to stress

190
Q

Does resilience always remain consistent throughout childhood?

A

no, resilience is dynamic

191
Q

What is the difference between piaget and vygotsky’s ideas for middle childhood?

A

Piaget believed children in this stage start to think logically through sorting, and Vygotsky thought that children think by instuction

192
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

a condition characterized by extreme mood swings

193
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

a condition in which a. child has chronic irritability, and anger that culminates in tantrums

194
Q

What is specific learning disorder?

A

a marked deficit in a certain subject caused by an outside factor

195
Q

What is dyscalculia?

A

unusual difficulty with math

196
Q

What is a least restrictive environment?

A

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general education context in which they are expected to learn

197
Q

What is meant by response to intervention?

A

An educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who are below average

198
Q

What is an individual education plan?

A

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs

199
Q

What are children’s 5 needs in middle childhood?

A

physical, learning, self-respect, friends, and stability

200
Q

What is child culture?

A

the habits, styles, and values that affect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children

201
Q

What is the main criticisms of kohlberg’s moral reasonings?

A

Gender bias towards boys

202
Q

What are the 5 areas of identity achievement?

A

religious, political, gender, vocational, and ethnic

203
Q

What are the two modes of thinking in adolesence?

A

intuitive and analytic

204
Q

What is intuitive thought?

A

thought that arises from emotional or thought

205
Q

What is analytic thought?

A

thoughts that result from analysis

206
Q

What is a result for sexual abuse in the HPA?

A

can break down the HPA causing earlier puberty

207
Q

What are the 4 forms of sex education?

A

parents, friends, media, and school

208
Q

What is the secular trend?

A

The idea that puberty is starting earlier now for both boys and girls compared to 100 years ago

FRHD 1010 (2 decks)

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