FRHD Midterm #1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the overall goal of the science of human development?
A
To understand how and why people of all age’s circumstances change or remain the same over time
2
Q
In the lifespan perspective, what is the age ranges of infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood?
A
0-2, 2-6, and 6-11
3
Q
In the lifespan perspective, what is the age ranges of adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and late adulthood?
A
11-18, 18-25, 25-65, 65+
4
Q
What are the four characteristics of development?
A
Multidirectional, Multi-contextual, multidisciplinary, and plasticity
5
Q
What is multidirectional development?
A
The idea that development can go in any direction in any stages of life
6
Q
What is a critical period?
A
Type of growth that must happen during a certain period of time or it will never occur
7
Q
What is a sensitive period?
A
A time where a certain type of development is most likely to happen
8
Q
True or False: Development advances until the age of 18, steadies, then declines.
A
False. Development can occur in any direction in any stage of life
9
Q
What is multi-contextual development?
A
The influence of systems and contexts and how it affects development
10
Q
What is the ecological systems approach?
A
It places the person at the center of their ecological system and looks at how they are impacted by variables within that system
11
Q
What is multi-culturalism?
A
Considers where people are developing and who is around them while they are developing
12
Q
What is socioeconomic status?
A
A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education and place of residence
13
Q
How is culture difference than ethnicity?
A
Culture is different than an ethnic group because ethnic group has more to deal with a person’s ancestors, religion, etc.
14
Q
What is multidisciplinary development?
A
Development requires insights and information from many scientists from many different disciplines, therefore scientists cannot predict any one developmental path for anyone as there are so any factors that could affect development
15
Q
What is plasticity?
A
the idea that development can be molded (like plastic) and yet can maintain a certain durability or identity/ development build on what comes before
16
Q
What is a dynamic systems approach to plasticity?
A
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between a persons’ physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family or society
17
Q
What is differential sensitivity?
A
Idea that some people are more vulnerable than others to certain experiences, usually because of genetic differences
18
Q
True or false: one is a product of ONLY their nature OR their nurture?
A
False: Nature and nurture always interact in every human characteristic
19
Q
What is the scientific method?
A
A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions
20
Q
What are the six steps to the scientific method?
A
- Curiosity
- Develop a hypothesis
- Test hypothesis
- Draw conclusions
- Report results
- Replication
21
Q
What are the three ways to test a hypothesis?
A
scientific observation, survey, and expieriments
22
Q
Where can a scientific observation occur?
A
Anywhere
23
Q
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
A
An added variable to the experiment that can change the dependent variable
24
Q
What is the difference between the experimental and control group?
A
The experimental group receives the test/special treatment whereas the control group receives a placebo instead
25
What is cross-sectional research?
compares groups different in age but similar in other important characteristics
26
What is longitudinal research?
A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed
27
What is a cohort?
A group defined by the shared ages of its members
28
What cross-sequential research?
A hybrid research design in which researches first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow these groups over the years
29
What is a developmental theory?
A set of rules of beliefs about why people change the way that they do
30
What is psychoanalytic theory?
A theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious, drives and motives, often originating from childhood, as a cause of human behaviour
31
Who is the founder of psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund freud
32
What are freud's stages of pleasure for the first 6 years of life?
Birth to 1 year: Oral
1-3 years: Anal
3-6: Phallic
33
What are freud's stages of pleasure after the first 6 years of life?
6-11 years: Latency
Adolescence: Genital
Adulthood: Genital
34
What is Eric Ericson's stages of human development for the first 6 years?
Birth to 1 year: trust/mistrust
1-3 years: Autonomy/shame
3-6 years: Initiative/guilt
35
What are Eric Ericson's stages of human development after the first 6 years?
6-11 years: Industry/ inferior
Adolescence: Identity/ role confusion
Adulthood: Intimacy/ isolation
36
What is learning theory?
describes the laws and processed in which observable behaviour is learned
37
What is behaviourism?
Founded by watson, the idea that behaviour can be trained and changed in response to stimuli in the environment
38
What is conditioning?
Founded by pavlov, the process of training an individual to behave in a certain way
39
What are the two types of conditioning?
classical vs operant
40
What is classical conditioning?
The process by which responses become linked to a particular stimuli and learning takes place (pavlov dogs)
41
What is operant conditioning?
Particular action is rewarded or punished making that person more or less likely to engage in that action
42
What is social learning theory?
Emphasizes that other people influence each persons’ behaviour (Bandura)
43
What is cognitive theory?
Change in how people think overtime, our thoughts shape our behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs (Piaget)
44
What is systems theory?
The idea that human development depends on systems
45
What is family systems theory?
Focuses on the family as a unit of functioning system, with each member having a role to play and rules to respect
46
What is humanism?
Founded by Maslow, a theory that stresses the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs regardless of culture, gender or background
47
What are the needs and their arrangement on Maslow's hierarchy?
```
(bottom to top)
Physiological
Safety
Love/Belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
```
48
What is evolutionally theory?
Created by Charles Darwin, the idea that nature works to ensure that each species does two things: survive and reproduce and the idea that fear instincts evolved to protect life
49
How many pairs of chromosomes are located in human beings?
23
50
What is an allele?
A variation that makes a gene different in some ways from other genes for the same charcteristics
51
What is a gamete?
A reproductive cell/sex cell
52
What is a polygenic trait?
A trait influenced by more than one gene
53
What is a multifactorial trait?
A trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environment in expression
54
What is a genotype?
An organism's entire genetic inheritance or genetic potential
55
What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics of a person
56
How are monozygotic twins formed?
One zygote that spilts apart very early in development
57
How are dizygotic twins formed?
When two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at the same time
58
What is implantation?
10 days after conception in which the developing organism burrows into the tissue that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it develops
59
What is the average length of pregnancy?
38 weeks
60
True or False: periods are the same as trimesters
False: trimesters are based off of months
61
True or False: Babies that are born 3 weeks before or 2 weeks after the due date are considered on time
True
62
Babies that are born more than 3 weeks before the due date are considered -------
preterm
63
Babies that are born more than 2 weeks past are considered ------
post-term
64
When is the germinal period?
The first 14 days after conception
65
What does the zygote do during the germinal period?
divides and differentiates to produce new, specialized and stem cels
66
What do the stem cells produced do around day 7?
Separate into two distinct masses, the outer cells form a placenta around the baby and the other cells become a nucleus inside the placenta
67
What percent of zygotes do not go through implantation?
60%
68
When does the embryonic period occur?
The third through eighth week
69
What happens during the embryonic period?
Starts to form all of the basic body structures and internal organs, sex organs begin to develop
70
If by day ---- the arms and legs have not developed, they . will never develop
54
71
What is the neural tube?
Appears of day 14, a thin line down the middle of the embryo which becomes the CNS
72
What happens during week four of the embryonic period?
head appears. Including eyes, ears, nose, and mouth; heart begins to pulsate
73
What happens during week five of the embryonic period?
arms and legs begin to emerge
74
---- to ---- fingers and toes separate
52 to 54
75
How much does the embryo weigh and height by the end of week 8?
1 gram and is approx. 2.5cm
76
When does the fetal period occur?
9 through 38 weeks
77
What is the age of viability?
happens at 22 weeks when the fetus is able to survive outside of the womb
78
What happens at the ninth week of pregnancy?
sex organs develop and male fetuses experience a rush of testosterone
79
The brain increases ----- times in size when developing new neurons
6
80
On what day does the brain become a recognizable organ?
day 100
81
When are all parts of the brain fully formed?
38 weeks
82
How is the fetus prepared for birth/ how is labour started?
the brain signals a release of hormones (oxytocin)
83
What is the average length of labour for first born and subsequent children?
12 hours, 7 hours
84
What is the apgar scale?
A scale of 0-10 used to asses health of newborns
85
What variables does the apgar scale asses?
colour, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing
86
What percent of zygotes do not make it through the embryonic period?
20%
87
What percent of zygotes do not make it through the fetal period?
5%
88
What percent of zygotes make it through birth?
31%
89
What does the NBAS scale asses?
46 behaviours, 20 of which are reflexes
90
True or False: Fathers involvement in children’s lives have a strong impact on development
True
91
What is meant by the term "couvade"?
When fathers experience weight gain, hormone fluctuation, and indigestion during pregnancy
92
What is postpartum depression?
sadness felt by some new mothers in the weeks after giving birth
93
What percent of women experience postpartum depression?
8-15%
94
How many chromosomes do people with down syndrome have
47
95
How many zygotes have serious abnormalities with their chromosomes?
50%
96
What is a teratogen?
Any agent or condition, drugs and chemicals that can impair development, resulting birth defects or complications
97
What are behavioural teratogens?
Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing future children intellectual and emotional functioning
98
What are the 3 critical factors pertaining to damage caused by teratogens?
Time of exposure, amount of exposure, and developing organism's vulnerability to that specific exposure
99
What factors can affect a child's weight during pregnancy?
Maternal malnutrition, illness or not enough weight gain
100
How to fathers and significant others contribute to the health of the baby?
through attitude, SES, and support
101
What is considered to be low birth weight?
less than 5 1/2 pounds
102
What is considered to be very low birth weight?
less than 3 pounds 5 ounces
103
What is considered to be extremely low birth weight?
less than 2 pounds, 3 ounces
104
What are some of the consequences of low birth weight?
early death, smaller brain volume, impairments, and more
105
What happens to adults who were born with low birth weight?
They are more likely to have heart disease and diabetes
106
Chromosomes are molecules of -----
DNA
107
When a sperm and an ovum fuse, a one-celled ------ is formed
zygote
108
The age of viability refers to ---
the age when the fetus can survive outside of the womb
109
True or False: During the first year of life, most infants triple their body weight
True
110
True or False: Newborns usually loose a little bit of weight before they start to steadily gain more
True
111
What percent of neurons are found in the cortex?
70%
112
True or False: Every part of the cortex matures at the same time
False: Not
113
When does the frontal cortex fully develop?
25 years
114
What is the function of the frontal cortex?
assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation
115
What is the least mature sense of a newborn?
seeing
116
What process does transient exuberance refer to?
Rapid, temporary dendrite growth
117
What is the result of too many dendrites forming too quickly?
Austism
118
What is head-sparing?
When the brain keeps developing even if the body is malnourished
119
What is shaken baby syndrome?
When a baby is shaken causing ruptured blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections
120
True or False: Newborns are born with the inborn drive to remedy developmental deficits
True: this process is referred to as self-righting
121
How long do newborns sleep a day?
15-17 hours in 1 to 3 hour segments
122
What type of sleep do newborns spend the majority of their time in?
REM (rapid eye movement)
123
What is sensation?
The process by which the visual, auditory, and other sensory detect stimuli
124
What is perception?
When the brain tries to make sense out of a stimulus so that the individual becomes aware of it
125
In what order do sensation and perception occur?
Sensation THEN perception
126
What is the neonatal infant pain scale?
Asses stress hormones, erratic heartbeats, and rapid brain waves to measure pain
127
What are the five parameters used to measure pain in the neonatal infant pain scale asses?
Facial expressions, crying, breathing patterns, movement of arms/legs, and state of arousal
128
What are the two types of tests that screen for hearing loss?
Otoacoustic emissions (OEA) and Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR)
129
How does the otoacoustic emissions test work?
A soft sponge is placed in the baby's ear canal and it emits an echo to test the child's response
130
How does the auditory brain stem response test work?
it measures electrical activity in the brain
131
What is binocular vision?
The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
132
What are the two types of motor skills?
Gross and fine motor
133
What are gross motor skills?
physical abilities to make large body movements
134
What are fine motor skills?
physical abilities involving small body movements
135
What is better for babies, formula or breast milk?
Breast milk
136
Why is breast milk often found to be more beneficial to babies?
it contains high-calorie colostrum
137
What are some of the benefits that breast milk is proven to improve in infants?
eyesight, increases IQ and more
138
What are the three ways in which malnourished infants suffer?
Their brain may not develop normally
They may have no body reserves to protect them against common diseases
They may develop diseases
139
What is meant by the term wasting?
the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
140
True or False: if a 5 month old baby drops a rattle it will likely not look down to look for it
True
141
What is sensorimotor intelligence?
Created by Piaget, a term for the way infants think by using their senses and motor skills
142
What are circular reactions?
the way in which children perceive things
143
How is sensorimotor development laid-out? Stages? Ages?
Broken into 6 stages between the ages of 0 and 2
144
What is child-directed speech?
baby talk
145
What are the four theories of language development?
Infants need to be taught, social pragmatism, infants teach themselves, and hybrid theory
146
How does infants needing to be taught (behaviourism) work in terms of language development?
Repetition of words
147
What is social pragmatism?
the theory of language development that states that infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings
148
How does infants teaching themselves (behaviourism) work in terms of language development?
a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
149
What is the hybrid theory of language development?
How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances
150
True or False: fear is an emotion felt at birth and throughout life
False: fear is developed at 6 to 9 months
151
Does temper originate with genes or environment?
genes
152
What are the four different types of temperaments and the percent in which children fall into these categories?
Easy (40%), Difficult (10%), Slow to warm up (15%), Hard to classify (35%)
153
What are the different types of attachment within infants?
Synchrony, proximity seeking, and maintaining contact
154
What is a microsystem in terms of ecological systems?
an individual with their family/friends
155
What is a exosystem in terms of ecological systems?
an individual with school/work
156
What is a macrosystem in terms of ecological systems?
an individual with their city, culture, government big things
157
What is a mesosystem in terms of ecological systems?
hybrid, connections between other systems ex: micro and macro
158
What is a chronosystem in terms of ecological systems?
time system
