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FRHD 1010 > FRHD Midterm #1 > Flashcards

FRHD Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall goal of the science of human development?

A

To understand how and why people of all age’s circumstances change or remain the same over time

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2
Q

In the lifespan perspective, what is the age ranges of infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood?

A

0-2, 2-6, and 6-11

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3
Q

In the lifespan perspective, what is the age ranges of adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and late adulthood?

A

11-18, 18-25, 25-65, 65+

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4
Q

What are the four characteristics of development?

A

Multidirectional, Multi-contextual, multidisciplinary, and plasticity

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5
Q

What is multidirectional development?

A

The idea that development can go in any direction in any stages of life

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6
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Type of growth that must happen during a certain period of time or it will never occur

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7
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

A time where a certain type of development is most likely to happen

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8
Q

True or False: Development advances until the age of 18, steadies, then declines.

A

False. Development can occur in any direction in any stage of life

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9
Q

What is multi-contextual development?

A

The influence of systems and contexts and how it affects development

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10
Q

What is the ecological systems approach?

A

It places the person at the center of their ecological system and looks at how they are impacted by variables within that system

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11
Q

What is multi-culturalism?

A

Considers where people are developing and who is around them while they are developing

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12
Q

What is socioeconomic status?

A

A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education and place of residence

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13
Q

How is culture difference than ethnicity?

A

Culture is different than an ethnic group because ethnic group has more to deal with a person’s ancestors, religion, etc.

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14
Q

What is multidisciplinary development?

A

Development requires insights and information from many scientists from many different disciplines, therefore scientists cannot predict any one developmental path for anyone as there are so any factors that could affect development

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15
Q

What is plasticity?

A

the idea that development can be molded (like plastic) and yet can maintain a certain durability or identity/ development build on what comes before

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16
Q

What is a dynamic systems approach to plasticity?

A

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between a persons’ physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family or society

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17
Q

What is differential sensitivity?

A

Idea that some people are more vulnerable than others to certain experiences, usually because of genetic differences

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18
Q

True or false: one is a product of ONLY their nature OR their nurture?

A

False: Nature and nurture always interact in every human characteristic

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19
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions

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20
Q

What are the six steps to the scientific method?

A
  1. Curiosity
  2. Develop a hypothesis
  3. Test hypothesis
  4. Draw conclusions
  5. Report results
  6. Replication
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21
Q

What are the three ways to test a hypothesis?

A

scientific observation, survey, and expieriments

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22
Q

Where can a scientific observation occur?

A

Anywhere

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23
Q

In an experiment, what is the independent variable?

A

An added variable to the experiment that can change the dependent variable

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24
Q

What is the difference between the experimental and control group?

A

The experimental group receives the test/special treatment whereas the control group receives a placebo instead

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25
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

compares groups different in age but similar in other important characteristics

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26
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed

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27
Q

What is a cohort?

A

A group defined by the shared ages of its members

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28
Q

What cross-sequential research?

A

A hybrid research design in which researches first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow these groups over the years

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29
Q

What is a developmental theory?

A

A set of rules of beliefs about why people change the way that they do

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30
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

A theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious, drives and motives, often originating from childhood, as a cause of human behaviour

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31
Q

Who is the founder of psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund freud

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32
Q

What are freud’s stages of pleasure for the first 6 years of life?

A

Birth to 1 year: Oral
1-3 years: Anal
3-6: Phallic

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33
Q

What are freud’s stages of pleasure after the first 6 years of life?

A

6-11 years: Latency
Adolescence: Genital
Adulthood: Genital

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34
Q

What is Eric Ericson’s stages of human development for the first 6 years?

A

Birth to 1 year: trust/mistrust
1-3 years: Autonomy/shame
3-6 years: Initiative/guilt

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35
Q

What are Eric Ericson’s stages of human development after the first 6 years?

A

6-11 years: Industry/ inferior
Adolescence: Identity/ role confusion
Adulthood: Intimacy/ isolation

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36
Q

What is learning theory?

A

describes the laws and processed in which observable behaviour is learned

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37
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Founded by watson, the idea that behaviour can be trained and changed in response to stimuli in the environment

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38
Q

What is conditioning?

A

Founded by pavlov, the process of training an individual to behave in a certain way

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39
Q

What are the two types of conditioning?

A

classical vs operant

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40
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

The process by which responses become linked to a particular stimuli and learning takes place (pavlov dogs)

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41
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Particular action is rewarded or punished making that person more or less likely to engage in that action

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42
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Emphasizes that other people influence each persons’ behaviour (Bandura)

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43
Q

What is cognitive theory?

A

Change in how people think overtime, our thoughts shape our behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs (Piaget)

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44
Q

What is systems theory?

A

The idea that human development depends on systems

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45
Q

What is family systems theory?

A

Focuses on the family as a unit of functioning system, with each member having a role to play and rules to respect

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46
Q

What is humanism?

A

Founded by Maslow, a theory that stresses the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs regardless of culture, gender or background

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47
Q

What are the needs and their arrangement on Maslow’s hierarchy?

A 
(bottom to top)
Physiological 
Safety 
Love/Belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
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48
Q

What is evolutionally theory?

A

Created by Charles Darwin, the idea that nature works to ensure that each species does two things: survive and reproduce and the idea that fear instincts evolved to protect life

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49
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are located in human beings?

A

23

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50
Q

What is an allele?

A

A variation that makes a gene different in some ways from other genes for the same charcteristics

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51
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell/sex cell

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52
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

A trait influenced by more than one gene

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53
Q

What is a multifactorial trait?

A

A trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environment in expression

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54
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance or genetic potential

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55
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of a person

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56
Q

How are monozygotic twins formed?

A

One zygote that spilts apart very early in development

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57
Q

How are dizygotic twins formed?

A

When two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at the same time

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58
Q

What is implantation?

A

10 days after conception in which the developing organism burrows into the tissue that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it develops

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59
Q

What is the average length of pregnancy?

A

38 weeks

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60
Q

True or False: periods are the same as trimesters

A

False: trimesters are based off of months

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61
Q

True or False: Babies that are born 3 weeks before or 2 weeks after the due date are considered on time

A

True

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62
Q

Babies that are born more than 3 weeks before the due date are considered ——-

A

preterm

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63
Q

Babies that are born more than 2 weeks past are considered ——

A

post-term

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64
Q

When is the germinal period?

A

The first 14 days after conception

65
Q

What does the zygote do during the germinal period?

A

divides and differentiates to produce new, specialized and stem cels

66
Q

What do the stem cells produced do around day 7?

A

Separate into two distinct masses, the outer cells form a placenta around the baby and the other cells become a nucleus inside the placenta

67
Q

What percent of zygotes do not go through implantation?

A

60%

68
Q

When does the embryonic period occur?

A

The third through eighth week

69
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

Starts to form all of the basic body structures and internal organs, sex organs begin to develop

70
Q

If by day —- the arms and legs have not developed, they . will never develop

A

54

71
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Appears of day 14, a thin line down the middle of the embryo which becomes the CNS

72
Q

What happens during week four of the embryonic period?

A

head appears. Including eyes, ears, nose, and mouth; heart begins to pulsate

73
Q

What happens during week five of the embryonic period?

A

arms and legs begin to emerge

74
Q

—- to —- fingers and toes separate

A

52 to 54

75
Q

How much does the embryo weigh and height by the end of week 8?

A

1 gram and is approx. 2.5cm

76
Q

When does the fetal period occur?

A

9 through 38 weeks

77
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

happens at 22 weeks when the fetus is able to survive outside of the womb

78
Q

What happens at the ninth week of pregnancy?

A

sex organs develop and male fetuses experience a rush of testosterone

79
Q

The brain increases —– times in size when developing new neurons

A

6

80
Q

On what day does the brain become a recognizable organ?

A

day 100

81
Q

When are all parts of the brain fully formed?

A

38 weeks

82
Q

How is the fetus prepared for birth/ how is labour started?

A

the brain signals a release of hormones (oxytocin)

83
Q

What is the average length of labour for first born and subsequent children?

A

12 hours, 7 hours

84
Q

What is the apgar scale?

A

A scale of 0-10 used to asses health of newborns

85
Q

What variables does the apgar scale asses?

A

colour, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing

86
Q

What percent of zygotes do not make it through the embryonic period?

A

20%

87
Q

What percent of zygotes do not make it through the fetal period?

A

5%

88
Q

What percent of zygotes make it through birth?

A

31%

89
Q

What does the NBAS scale asses?

A

46 behaviours, 20 of which are reflexes

90
Q

True or False: Fathers involvement in children’s lives have a strong impact on development

A

True

91
Q

What is meant by the term “couvade”?

A

When fathers experience weight gain, hormone fluctuation, and indigestion during pregnancy

92
Q

What is postpartum depression?

A

sadness felt by some new mothers in the weeks after giving birth

93
Q

What percent of women experience postpartum depression?

A

8-15%

94
Q

How many chromosomes do people with down syndrome have

A

47

95
Q

How many zygotes have serious abnormalities with their chromosomes?

A

50%

96
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Any agent or condition, drugs and chemicals that can impair development, resulting birth defects or complications

97
Q

What are behavioural teratogens?

A

Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing future children intellectual and emotional functioning

98
Q

What are the 3 critical factors pertaining to damage caused by teratogens?

A

Time of exposure, amount of exposure, and developing organism’s vulnerability to that specific exposure

99
Q

What factors can affect a child’s weight during pregnancy?

A

Maternal malnutrition, illness or not enough weight gain

100
Q

How to fathers and significant others contribute to the health of the baby?

A

through attitude, SES, and support

101
Q

What is considered to be low birth weight?

A

less than 5 1/2 pounds

102
Q

What is considered to be very low birth weight?

A

less than 3 pounds 5 ounces

103
Q

What is considered to be extremely low birth weight?

A

less than 2 pounds, 3 ounces

104
Q

What are some of the consequences of low birth weight?

A

early death, smaller brain volume, impairments, and more

105
Q

What happens to adults who were born with low birth weight?

A

They are more likely to have heart disease and diabetes

106
Q

Chromosomes are molecules of —–

A

DNA

107
Q

When a sperm and an ovum fuse, a one-celled —— is formed

A

zygote

108
Q

The age of viability refers to —

A

the age when the fetus can survive outside of the womb

109
Q

True or False: During the first year of life, most infants triple their body weight

A

True

110
Q

True or False: Newborns usually loose a little bit of weight before they start to steadily gain more

A

True

111
Q

What percent of neurons are found in the cortex?

A

70%

112
Q

True or False: Every part of the cortex matures at the same time

A

False: Not

113
Q

When does the frontal cortex fully develop?

A

25 years

114
Q

What is the function of the frontal cortex?

A

assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation

115
Q

What is the least mature sense of a newborn?

A

seeing

116
Q

What process does transient exuberance refer to?

A

Rapid, temporary dendrite growth

117
Q

What is the result of too many dendrites forming too quickly?

A

Austism

118
Q

What is head-sparing?

A

When the brain keeps developing even if the body is malnourished

119
Q

What is shaken baby syndrome?

A

When a baby is shaken causing ruptured blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

120
Q

True or False: Newborns are born with the inborn drive to remedy developmental deficits

A

True: this process is referred to as self-righting

121
Q

How long do newborns sleep a day?

A

15-17 hours in 1 to 3 hour segments

122
Q

What type of sleep do newborns spend the majority of their time in?

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

123
Q

What is sensation?

A

The process by which the visual, auditory, and other sensory detect stimuli

124
Q

What is perception?

A

When the brain tries to make sense out of a stimulus so that the individual becomes aware of it

125
Q

In what order do sensation and perception occur?

A

Sensation THEN perception

126
Q

What is the neonatal infant pain scale?

A

Asses stress hormones, erratic heartbeats, and rapid brain waves to measure pain

127
Q

What are the five parameters used to measure pain in the neonatal infant pain scale asses?

A

Facial expressions, crying, breathing patterns, movement of arms/legs, and state of arousal

128
Q

What are the two types of tests that screen for hearing loss?

A

Otoacoustic emissions (OEA) and Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR)

129
Q

How does the otoacoustic emissions test work?

A

A soft sponge is placed in the baby’s ear canal and it emits an echo to test the child’s response

130
Q

How does the auditory brain stem response test work?

A

it measures electrical activity in the brain

131
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image

132
Q

What are the two types of motor skills?

A

Gross and fine motor

133
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

physical abilities to make large body movements

134
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

physical abilities involving small body movements

135
Q

What is better for babies, formula or breast milk?

A

Breast milk

136
Q

Why is breast milk often found to be more beneficial to babies?

A

it contains high-calorie colostrum

137
Q

What are some of the benefits that breast milk is proven to improve in infants?

A

eyesight, increases IQ and more

138
Q

What are the three ways in which malnourished infants suffer?

A

Their brain may not develop normally
They may have no body reserves to protect them against common diseases
They may develop diseases

139
Q

What is meant by the term wasting?

A

the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

140
Q

True or False: if a 5 month old baby drops a rattle it will likely not look down to look for it

A

True

141
Q

What is sensorimotor intelligence?

A

Created by Piaget, a term for the way infants think by using their senses and motor skills

142
Q

What are circular reactions?

A

the way in which children perceive things

143
Q

How is sensorimotor development laid-out? Stages? Ages?

A

Broken into 6 stages between the ages of 0 and 2

144
Q

What is child-directed speech?

A

baby talk

145
Q

What are the four theories of language development?

A

Infants need to be taught, social pragmatism, infants teach themselves, and hybrid theory

146
Q

How does infants needing to be taught (behaviourism) work in terms of language development?

A

Repetition of words

147
Q

What is social pragmatism?

A

the theory of language development that states that infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings

148
Q

How does infants teaching themselves (behaviourism) work in terms of language development?

A

a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation

149
Q

What is the hybrid theory of language development?

A

How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances

150
Q

True or False: fear is an emotion felt at birth and throughout life

A

False: fear is developed at 6 to 9 months

151
Q

Does temper originate with genes or environment?

A

genes

152
Q

What are the four different types of temperaments and the percent in which children fall into these categories?

A

Easy (40%), Difficult (10%), Slow to warm up (15%), Hard to classify (35%)

153
Q

What are the different types of attachment within infants?

A

Synchrony, proximity seeking, and maintaining contact

154
Q

What is a microsystem in terms of ecological systems?

A

an individual with their family/friends

155
Q

What is a exosystem in terms of ecological systems?

A

an individual with school/work

156
Q

What is a macrosystem in terms of ecological systems?

A

an individual with their city, culture, government big things

157
Q

What is a mesosystem in terms of ecological systems?

A

hybrid, connections between other systems ex: micro and macro

158
Q

What is a chronosystem in terms of ecological systems?

A

time system

FRHD 1010 (2 decks)

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