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Extra > FRG 1963-89 > Flashcards

FRG 1963-89 Flashcards

1
Q

-1. Name the five chancellors that succeeded Adenauer after 1963 (include the dates they were in power, and their political party).

A
  • Ludwig Erhard 1963-66 CDU/CSU
  • Kurt Kiesinger 1966-69 CDU/CSU
  • Willy Brandt 1969-74 SPD
  • Helmut Schmidt 1974-82 SPD
  • Helmut Kohl 1982-98 CDU/CSU
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2
Q

-2. Were the Chancellors after Adenauer also able to form majority governments? If not, how did they govern?

A

-No, all of them had to form coalitions.
Erhard and Kiesinger formed coalitions with the SPD.
Brandt and Schmidt and Kohl formed coalitions with the FDP.

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3
Q

-3. What political divisions began to emerge under Chancellor Erhard?

A

-Politicians were split on whether to work more closer with the West or the GDR.

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4
Q

-4. What was controversial about Chancellor Kiesinger?

A

-He interfered with the economy, began surveillance and started the Ostpolitik policy.

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5
Q

-5. Why did Chancellor Brandt face opposition from people within government?

A

-He continued with Ostpolitik, and started liberal measures such as reducing the voting age to 18 and decriminalising homosexuality.

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6
Q

-6. What forced Chancellor Schmidt to resign in 1982?

A

-A vote of no confidence.

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7
Q

-7. What political party became increasingly popular in the 1980s?

A

-Green Party

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8
Q

-8. Describe the nature of political stability in the FRG after Adenauer (1963-1989).

A

-Political stability declined with the rise of corruption, terrorism, resignations, recessions, extremism and environmentalism.

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9
Q

-1. What did the FRG experience between 1966 and 1967?

A

-A recession.

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10
Q

-2. Identify three consequences of the economic recession of 1966 to 1967.

A
  • Trade reduced
  • Production decreased
  • Unemployment rose
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11
Q

-3. How did the government approach the economic recession of 1966 to 1976?

A

-They decided that the Bundestag had to interfere in the economy to manage money supply and federal/regional budgeting.

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12
Q

-4. By how much did government spending increase between 1965 and 1970?

A

-Social welfare spending increased from 46.7 million DM to 115.9 million DM

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13
Q

-5. What two laws were introduced to help the government deal with the economic crisis?

A
  • Economic Stabilisation Law

- 1968: a new clause was added to the Basic Law stating that the government can move money between the Lander

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14
Q

-6. What did the government set up to control price levels?

A

-Introduced Cartels

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15
Q

-7. What affected the economy of the FRG in the 1970s?

A

-The international oil crises of 1973 and 1978

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16
Q

-8. Who did the FRG rely on for 40% of their oil?

A

-OPEC- Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries

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17
Q

-9. How much did the FRG spend on 140 million of tonnes of oil in 1972? How much had this risen to by 1973 and 1978?

A
  • DM 10.8 billion in 1972
  • 1973: DM 32.8 billion
  • 1978: DM 49 billion
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18
Q

-10. What measures were introduced to reduce oil consumption in the FRG?

A
  • German industries converted to new fuels.
  • Government invested in atomic power to reduce reliance on oil.
  • Care-free Sundays were introduced, with speed limits on the autobahns, and energy saving campaigns in the home.
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19
Q

-11. What economic policies was Chancellor Schmidt criticised for?

A

-1975: Public spending cuts and a higher income tax.

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20
Q

-12. What did unemployment hit in 1981?

A

-1.7 million

21
Q

-13. What evidence is there that the FRG governments were moving away from a social market economy?

A

-Spending was cut further with cuts to benefits and housing allowances.

22
Q

-14. How did Chancellor Kohl further reduce government interference in the economy in the 1980s?

A

-Cut spending more fiercely, cut maternity benefits and public holidays, reduced retirement age to 58, sold off shares in government owned industries and partially privatised them.

23
Q

-15. What was crucial in helping the FRG to overcome the economic problems of the 1960s and 1970s?

A

-It had a strong export market.

24
Q

-16. What had happened to the economy by the end of the 1980s?

A

-Unemployment was again at its lowest and economic growth rose.

25
Q

-1. How did Chancellor Kiesinger change the foreign policy of the FRG after 1966?

A

-Rejected the Hallstein Doctrine and started building relations with the GDR through Ostpolitik.

26
Q

-2. What evidence was there that Chancellor Brandt was committed to the policy of Ostpolitik?

A
  • Visited GDR in March 1970
  • Aug1970: Signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR, so unification was possible.
  • Dec72: Basic Treaty with GDR was signed so visits were allowed between the two countries’ borders.
27
Q

-3. What was Chancellor Kohl working towards in the 1980s?

A

-Working on reunifying the FRG and GDR through Ostpolitik.

28
Q

-4. Describe the events in Germany in 1989.

A

-Eastern European countries opened up their borders, so GDR was pressured into doing so too, so on January 1st 1989 the GDR relaxed travel restrictions. By September, 161000 East Germans applied to emigrate. Thousands made their way to the FRG. People demonstrated for borders to open between the GDR and FRG, so they opened on November 9th 1989. People flooded through Berlin Wall checkpoints so the era of a united Germany began.

29
Q
    1. Identify what the following groups protested about in the 1950s, and how Adenauer dealt with their opposition: (Complete one flashcard for each group)
      a. The Social Democratic Party (SPD)
      b. The German Communist Party (KPD)
      c. The Socialist Reich Party
A
  • SPD: Criticised government for no Ostpolitik and working closely with the West. Questioned democracy under Adenauer and the Year Zero approach. They criticised economic policies as the SPD wanted nationalisation of banks, land and key industries, as well as significant social welfare policies.
  • KPD: Criticised the government for their economic aims, and not pursuing German socialism. They wanted no more capitalism, land reform, a new education system and a democratic government.
  • SRP: They were the successor to the Nazis, so hated the status quo, and hated the government for its dependence on the USA.
30
Q

-2. Identify two reasons that explain why opposition against Adenauer was so small in the 1950s.

A
  • He appointed weak ministers.

- He had a dominant personality.

31
Q

-3. What group of people began to protest against the FRG governments in the 1960s?

A

-Young people and students who were from the baby boom generation.

32
Q

-4. Name two student groups that were formed in the 1960s and protested against the government.

A
  • Extra-Parliamentary Opposition.

- German Socialist Student Union.

33
Q

-5. Identify five issues student groups protested about in the 1960s.

A
  • The conservative nature of government.
  • The banning of the KPD
  • The SPD moving to the centre
  • Vietnam War
  • Ex-Nazis being able to hold government
34
Q

-6. Identify the methods student groups in the 1960s used to protest.

A

-Protesting and demonstrations.

35
Q

-7. How did opposition movements in the FRG change from the 1950s to the 1960s?

A

-Right wing movements appeared alongside the left wing movements.

36
Q

-8. Why did opposition movements become more violent in the 1970s?

A

-Many protestors resorted to rioting and terrorism, with attacks, shootings, kidnapping and bombing.

37
Q

-9. Identify three issues student groups protested about in the 1960s.

A
  • The Emergency Law
  • Nuclear Weapons
  • NATO membership
38
Q
    1. Give examples of what methods the following groups used to protest in the 1970s. (Complete one flashcard for each group)
      a. The West Berlin Tupamaros
      b. Kommune I
      c. Socialist Patients Collective (SPK)
      d. The Baader-Meinhof Gang
A
  • a) Set off a series of bombs in West Berlin, also involved in police shootings.
    b) Tried to bomb the motorcade containing US President Nixon who visited FRG.
    c) Tried to bomb the train that the West German President was on in 1971.
    d) Used bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, bank robberies and shot at police. They went on hunger strikes and committed terrorist attacks.
39
Q

-11. Why did the terrorist activity of the Baader-Meinhof Gang slow after 1975?

A

-All of the gang were arrested and some placed in solitary confinement. Government intervened and people felt that terrorism was not effective.

40
Q
    1. Identify when the two following groups were set up, what their aim was, and how their power was limited:
      a. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV)
      b. Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND)
A

-BfV set up in 1950, BND set up in 1956. They were to investigate people who were suspected to be working against the Basic Law. They had limited power as people had many civil liberties granted to them by the Basic Law. They were not allowed to open mail, search homes or monitor calls.

41
Q

-13. What did the Bundestag pass on May 30, 1968, and what did this state?

A

-The Emergency Law: The government had greater powers of arrest and surveillance such as of telephones. BND and BfV could go against basic rights, and central government could control the country during crisis, for example using the army inside the country to overcome emergencies.

42
Q

-14. What was the Beobachtende Fahndung (BEFA) system?

A

-A system that gave the BND centralised access to all police information in the FRG

43
Q

-15. What was the employment ban (Berufsverbot) of 1950?

A

-Restricted employment in government and was initially aimed at political parties which could pose a threat to democracy like the KPD

44
Q

-16. What was the Anti-Radical Decree, and when was it passed?

A

-Passed in January 1972, Radikalenerlass allowed the vetting of people applying for public sector jobs, from teachers to postmen to civil servants.

45
Q

-17. How did opposition against the FRG governments change from the 1950s to the 1980s?

A

-It changed from extremist parties posing a threat to democracy to protests and riots to terrorism and illegal activities.

46
Q

-1. Describe the turnout for elections in the years of the FRG.

A

-Asides from the 1949 federal election, every election had a turnout of at least 84%, up to 1989, with the turnout being significantly higher than in the UK

47
Q

-2. What did the Allensbach Institute research conclude?

A

-Showed that the number of people who believed that members of the Bundestag represented public interest doubled between 1951 and 1964, and public support for the restoration of an empire also fell from a third to a tenth.

48
Q

-3. Identify three issues that young people protested about in the FRG from the 1960s, which showed that they supported democracy.

A

-Failed de-Nazification, Emergency Law, and relations between the FRG and authoritarian regimes such as Greece and South Africa.

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