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TAL > Freshwater Fish Parasites > Flashcards

Freshwater Fish Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Chilodonella

A
  • motile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance: ovoid or kidney-shaped with bands of cilia along the long axis; dorsoventrally flattened; appears translucent
  • Movt: free-moving
  • Often causes fish to excrete excessive mucus
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, acetic acid bath, KMnO4 PI, saltwater PI, Cu PI
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2
Q

Gyrodactylid

A
  • Monogenean (metazoan ectoparasite)
  • Target: primarily skin and fish
  • Appearance: two pairs of anchor hooks, v-shaped “head”
  • Movt: free-moving, thorugh anchor end often attached to fish tissue
  • Live-bearer, may be able to see fully-developed embryo with hooks inside adult
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, trichlorphon bath/PI, acetic acid bath, FW bath (SW fish), SW bath (FW fish), KMnO4 PI, Cu PI, Praxi bath/PI, mebendazole bath/PI, fenbendazole PI, chloramine-T bath
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3
Q

Microsporidians

A
  • Protozoa
  • Target: any, common in muscle for some fish
  • Appearance: often see grainy-looking cysts first (parasites inside cyst); individual parasite shaped like egg or Dutch “wooden shoe”
  • Movt: not free-moving
  • Burst cyst to “free” individual spores for identification, direct fish to fish transmission in species studied
  • Tx: toltrazuril bath, fumagillin oral (disinfect and quarantine)
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4
Q

Myxozoans

A
  • Protozoa
  • Target: any
  • Appearance: spores of different species vary greatly in shape and size, often see cysts first (parasites inside cyst), all spores have one to six polar capsules
  • Movt: not free-moving
  • Burst cyst to “free” individual spores for ID, in species studied, indirect life cycle involving oligochaete worm
  • Tx: fumagillin oral (disinfect and quarantine)
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5
Q

Cryptobia iubilans

A
  • Flagellates (protozoa)
  • Target: stomach, may be present in other internal organs
  • Appearance: elongated to teardrop-shaped
  • Movt: free-moving, may appear to undulate
  • typically associated with granulomas in stomach, found only in cichlids to date, similar looking species found only externally on fish
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI
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6
Q

Arugulus

“Fish Louse”

A
  • Brachiurans (Crustacean)
  • Target: skin, fin
  • Appearance: flattened, saucer shape, two suckers, two eeyspots
  • Mov’t: free-moving, ma glide over fish when feeding
  • Can be seen with unaided eye, common in koi and goldfish, sucks body fluids from host, egg-layer (requires multiple txs)
  • Tx: Trichlorphon PI, formalin bath, enamectin oral, biocontrol in ponds (mosquitofish)
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7
Q

Epistylis

A
  • sessile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, (less commonly) gills
  • Appearance: elongated on stalks; forms colonies
  • Movt: not free-moving on fish, may see cilia move
  • often found in combo with Aeromonas sp.
  • Tx: salt baths, salt PI, systemic abx, resistant to formalin
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8
Q
  • Spironucelus vortens*
  • “Hexamita”*
A
  • Flagellate (Protozoa)
  • Target: GI tract
  • Appearance: pear to barrel-shaped
  • Movt: free-moving, rapid and directed movement
  • common in cichlids, similar/related flagellates (“Hexamita”) seen in other fish groups
  • Tx: metronidazole oral/PI, secnidazole oral, magnesium sulfate oral, increase temp
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9
Q

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

A
  • motile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance: amoeboid, C-shaped nucleus seen in “adults” only
  • Movt: free-moving, rolling, amoeboid motion
  • life cycle includes stages on and off fish
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, Cu PI (less expensive), salt PI, increase temperature, transfer to new aquarium for 7d at 25C
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10
Q

Ambiphrya

A
  • sessile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance: barrel-shaped with row of oral and midline cilia
  • Movt: not free-moving on fish, may see cilia move
  • Tx: Formalin bath/PI, copper PI, KMnO4 PI, salt PI
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11
Q
  • Piscinoodinium*
  • “Freshwater Velvet”*
A
  • Dinoflagellate (Protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance: oval shape with amber color, “granular” interior; may see clear area near middle and one end of oval
  • Movt: not free-moving
  • most pathogenic to young fish; complex life cycle with stages on and off fish
  • Tx: saltwater PI
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12
Q

Protoopalina symphysodonis

A
  • Flagellates (Protozoa)
  • Target: GI tissue
  • Appearance: spindle-shaped (rounded at one end, tapered at other end) or cylindrical; circular in cross-section; resembles a ciliate
  • Movt: free-moving
  • Usually commensal
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13
Q

Ichthyobodo

(Formerly Costia)

A
  • Flagellate (Protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance: teardrop-shaped
  • Movt: free-mvoing; corkscrew swimming pattern; may appear to flicker like flame
  • infected fish often secrete excess mucus
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, KMnO4 PI, metronidazole oral, secnidazole oral, increase temperature, salt bath (FW fish)
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14
Q

Capillaria

A
  • Nematode (Digenean)
  • Target: GI tract
  • Appearance: smooth, elongated worm; double-operculated barrel-shaped eggs amy be seen in females; may see egs only in fish tissues
  • Mov’t: free-moving, serpentine (snake-like) mov’t
  • direct life cycle, can spread directly from fish to fish
  • Tx: larvae-none, adult-fenbendazole, levamisole
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15
Q

Digeneans Trematodes

(“Digenes”, “White Grub”, “Yellow Grub”, or “Black Grub”)

A
  • Target: metacercariae (juvenile encysted stage) in any internal or external tissue (if fish are IH), adults usulaly in gut lumen (if fish are FH)
  • Appearance: metacercariae seen as nodules/masses ~1-4 mm in length, adults ~1-5 mm in length, adults and jeveniles have visible oral and ventral suckers but no segments or chitinous hooks
  • Movt: adults free-moving, may see movement inside metacercariae cyst
  • Indirect life cycle often involving bird, snail and fish; fish usually IH; if in cyst, burst cyst to “free” individual for ID
  • Tx:
    • larvae: prevention (keep infected birds and mammals away), disinfect and quarantine, Baluscide, Cu PI, prazi injection, PI
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16
Q

Contracaecum

A
  • Nematode (Digenean)
  • Target: body cavity, liver, muscle, heart, swim bladder
  • Appearance: grossly visible, often seen coiled (encysted)
  • Mov’t: mov’t usually not seen in fish
  • Indirect life cyclle includes birds and invertebrates
  • Tx: larvae-none, adult-fenbendazole, levamisole
17
Q

Dactylogyrid

A
  • Monogenean (metazoan ectoparasite)
  • Target: primarily gills
  • Appearance: two to four eye spots, one pair of large anchor hooks, scallop shaped head
  • Movt: free-moving, through anchor end often attached to fish tissue
  • Egg layer
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, trichlorphon bath/PI, acetic acid bath, FW bath (SW fish), SW bath (FW fish), KMnO4 PI, Cu PI, Praxi bath/PI, mebendazole bath/PI, fenbendazole PI, chloramine-T bath
18
Q

Ergasilus

A
  • Copepod (Crustacean)
  • Target: primarily gills
  • Appearance: conical, segmented body with grasping antennae
  • Direct life cycle, often incidental on fish but modified antennae used to grasp fish can cause severe, localized damage and infection
  • Tx: difluorbenzuron, lefluobenzuron
19
Q

Eustrongylides

A
  • Nematodes (Digenean)
  • Target: internal tissue
  • Appearance: grossly visible; coiled, reddish worm (encysted)
  • Mov’t: movement usually note seen in fish
  • Fish is IH, DH is wading bird, oligochaete worm required as IH in some species
  • Tx: larvae-none, adult-fenbendazole, levamisole
20
Q

Camallanus

A
  • Nematode (Digenean)
  • Target: intestinal tract, all other organs
  • Appearance: smooth, cylindrical, elongated, reddish thread-like worm
  • Movt: free-moving, serpentine (snake-like) mov’t
  • often protrudes from anus, live-bearer, larvae may be seen in adult, indirect life cycle (requires invertebrate IH)
  • Tx: larvae-none, adult-fenbendazole, levamisole (“leavin’ my a’hole”)
21
Q

Lernaea

“Anchor Worm”

A
  • Copepod (Crustacean)
  • Target: skin, fin
  • Appearance: long, narrow; “anchor” at one end imbeds into fish; pair of egg sacks often seen at end opposite of anchor
  • Mov’t: generally seen fixd (attached with anchor) on fish
  • Only females are parasitic; can cause secondary bacterial infections due to wound from anchor; common in koi, goldfish and golden shiners
  • Tx: difluobenzuron
22
Q

Apiosoma

A
  • sessile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance: vase-shaped with oral cilia
  • Movt: not free-moving on fish, may see cilia move
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, copper PI, KMnO4 PI, salt PI
23
Q

Trichodina

A
  • Motile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills
  • Appearance:“flying saucer” or “scrubbing bubbles” shape
  • Movt: free-moving, whirling motion
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, KMnO4 PI, saltwater bath (FW fish), freshwater bath (SW fish), Cu PI, acetic acid bath
24
Q

Capriniana

A
  • sessile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: gills
  • Appearance: amorphous shape with cilia which stick up like pins in pin cushion
  • Movt: not free-moving on fish
  • Tx: formalin bath/PI, copper PI, KMnO4 PI, salt PI
25
Q

Tetrahymena

A
  • motile ciliate (protozoa)
  • Target: skin, fin, gills, eyes, internal organs
  • Appearance: ovoid with evenly distributed cilia
  • Movt: free-moving
  • Commonly found on dead fish or detritus
  • Tx: formalin bath
26
Q

Coccidia

A
  • Protozoa
  • Target: intestinal tract (most common), may be present in other organs
  • Appearance: egg-shaped, clear oocyst; typically contains four sporocysts
  • Movt: not free-moving
  • May or may not cause significant disease
  • Tx:?

TAL (6 decks)

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