DWWF Questions Flashcards
which one of the following families lack hemoglobin and myoglobin?
- Muraenidae (moray eel)
- chaetontidae (butterfly fish)
- Mordaciidae (lampreys)
- Myxinidae (hagfish)
- Channichthyidae (icefish)
Channichthyidae (icefish)
Most teleosts have how many chambers in their heart?
two
which organ is used to help with buoyancy in most elasmobranchs?
liver
which organ is used to help with buoyancy in most elasmobranchs?
posterior kidney
red, gill-like tissue located on the underside of the operculum is most likely
a ripped gill arch
what best describes the function of the Leydig and Epigonal Organs in elasmobranch species
lymphomyeloid tissues
the heart of the hagfish is not innervated and the rate at which the heart beats is under _______ control
hormonal
a rich yellow opaque fluid in the uterus of a stingray is definitive for pyometra
true
vaccination is a method of increasing the host immune response to a specific pathogen
true
the spleen is a site for blood cell formation in teleosts
true
physoclistis fish
fish that don’t have a direct connection between the swim bladder and the GI tract; the ovale resorbs oxygen back into the bloodstream
ovale is a vascularized chamber of the swim bladder that is separated from the rest of the bladder by a sphincter which relaxes to deflate the swim bladder allowing oxygen to enter the ovale
four main categories of infectious disease
viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
physostomous fish
fish that have a pneumatic duct (direction connection) between the esophagus and the gas bladder
excess gas is excreted through the pneumatic duct
what organism causes an enteric coccidial infection in Weedy seadragons?
Eimeria phyllopteryx
what is the most recommended site for sampling blood in sharks when using an I-STAT?
ventral tail
what may be considered the most appropriate options for the treatment of subcutaneous emphysema in seahorses?
aspiration and acetazolamide
cross-species blood transfusions are likely to be most compatible between which species of elasmobranchs?
sandtiger and sandbar sharks
1 mg/L =
1 ppm
which one of the following fihs is the most sensitive to nitrite toxicity?
channel catfish
what is the most common cause of mortality of fish living in ponds?
low D.O.
what can increased levels of ammonia cause in fish
increased oxygen demand
what is the common name of the fish disease caused by nitrite toxicity?
Brown Blood Disease
what is the largest source of D.O. in an outdoor pond?
phytoplankton
what is the toxic form of ammonia
NH3
gas bubble disease is caused by what problem in the water?
supersaturation
as temperature increases in a system, oxygen solubility
decreases
nitrate is harmful to invertebrates at relatively low levels
true
chloramine
compound of chlorine and ammonia
plastic containers can interact with chorine/chloramines
true
alkalinity
buffering capacity of water
low alkalinity can cause extremem pH fluctuation because of the reduced ability to buffer the increased concentration of hydrogen ions
CO2 is the most important factor for pH, increased CO2 causes a decrease in pH
total hardness
measure of the concentration of divalent metal cations like calcium and magnesium in water
Ca and Mg are needed for osmoregulation
what are 2 water quality problems that can cause fish to “pipe” at the surface?
low D.O.
nitrite toxicity
what gas is usually of greatest concern during a supersaturation event?
nitrogen
which filter is a type of chemical filter?
sand filter, carbon, canister filter, under gravel filter, bead filter
carbon
what, in high levels, could cause methemoglobinemia in fish?
nitrite
what, in high levels, may be goitrogenic in some species of fish?
nitrate
which of the following is an example of a thin film reactor?
sponge filter, wet/dry filter, undergravel filter, fluidized bed, all of the above
fluidized bed
which one of the following is UV sterilization least effective at controlling (unless it is used at extremely high doses)?
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Trichodina, Pseudomonas, Icthyophthirius
Icthyophthirius
pH decreases may be associated with which of the following changes in water quality parameters?
decreases in alkalinity and increases in CO2
chemical filtration is the type of filtration primarily responsible for the nitrogen cycle to occur
false
__________ ammonia is the most toxic form of ammonia
unionized
over time if a tank is maintained by simply “topping it off” rather than appropriate water change, the pH and total alkalinity will
decrease
a sponge film is an example of a thick film reactor
true
heterotrophic bacteria and thick film reactors are more desirable than autotrophic bacteria and thin film reactors and optimal nitrification
false
what methods can be used to maintain bicarbonate in a system
add sodium bicarbonate
agricultural limestome
water exchange
calcium carbonate
two methods for nitrate removal in a system
anaerobic denitrification in a system
uptake by plants
what two water quality parameters affect how much of the TAN is in the toxic form
higher pH and water temperatures favor the toxic form (NH3)
denitrification is an ______ process and requires a _______ source
aerobic
carbon
oxygen is ______ soluble in water while carbon dioxide is _____ soluble in water
poorly
highly
after dechloraminating, you must control for the left over ammonia
true
a ______ biofilm retention of autotrophic bacteria is desirable for optimal nitrification
high
what is the minimal quarantine time period for fish with no obvious health problems and no known diseases of concern?
30 d
deformation of gill cartilage, visible on wet mounts of gill tissue, may indicate what nutritional deficiency?
Vitamin C deficiency
deficiencies in what vitamins can result in anemia?
vitamins E and K
acute fish deaths in a system due to ozone toxicity (>500mV) would be most consisitent with what type of mortality event/curve?
Type I Mortality Event
which one of the following is usually the treatment of choice for leeches but is not routinely used in quarantine protocols?
organophosphates
foam fractionators only work in freshwater environments
false
aquatic species, such as corals, can recruit and utilize certain microbes to help fend off pathogens
true
crystal clear water is ideal for maintaining healthy fish
false
essential amino acids can be synthesized by the fish and do not need to be provided in the diet
false
biofilms will remain unchanged even as the surrounding environmental parameters change
false
name the 3 states of aquatic microbes
the majority of aquatic microbial cells are present in what phases?
planktonic, sessile, sessile particulate
majority are present in sessile and sessile particulate
factors that should be considered when deciding on amount of food that should be fed to fish
water temperature, water quality, health of fish, whether fish is “stressed” or not
what is the cause of Nutritional Gill Disease
deficiency of Vitamine B4 or Pantothenic Acid
which one of the following is a confirmed cause of HLLE lesions in Ocean Surgeonfish?
full-stream carbon filtration
which one of the following can usually be diagnosed by use of an unstained external skin scrape?
Eimeria southwelli, Cryptobia iubilans, Mycobacteria, Lymphocystis, Hepatic lipidosis
Lymphocystis
what disease dondiition is associated with causing hepatocellular carcinomas in Rainbow trout?
aflatoxicosis
exposure to high environmental nitrate has been shown to cause changes in the thyroid gland of some sharks and can be attributed to what possible mech?
nitrate blocks the Sodium-idodide symporter and prevents the transport of iodide into the thyroid gland
what are the primary causative agents for zoonotic infections in humans that develop from direct contact with fish?
bacteria
goiter, while multifactorial, can occur due to a dietary deficiency of
iodine
columnaris can’t be seen on a skin scrape
false
skin, fin and gill diagnostic samples should be obtained prior to sedation in a calm fish whenever possible
true
during necropsy of a saltwater fish, it is best to use freshwater for squash mounts of internal tissues
true
before obtaining a blood sample from a live fish, you shoud clean the skin with alcohol to prevent bacterial contamination
false
iodate is a bio-available form of iodine for use in thyroid hormone synthesis
false
bamboo sharks seem highly sensitive to the formation of goiter
true
there have been no confirmed human infections with fish viral agents
true
most fish pathogens should be cultured at room temp rather than at the typical bacterial culture temrperatures for mammalian specimens
yes at 28*C not 37*C
why is it preferable to take bx samples before sedating fish with MS-222?
the anesthetic can make parasites fall off so that you won’t have a representative diagnostic
what are two methods or approaches for obtaining a coelomic wash from a cownose ray?
what disease are you usually screening for when performing this procedure?
- intracoelomic 2. coelomic pores
usually screening for Eimeria southwelli when doing a coelomic wash
name causes for granulomas in fish
- Mycobacteria*
- Cryptobia iubilans*
- Franciscella*
foreign bodies (parasites)
praziquantel is most effective for the control of
neobenidinia
what is most likely the safest and best choice for control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in channel catfish production ponds?
copper sulfate
how many abx are legal and available for use in foodfish in the US at the present?
3
chloroquin would be the tx of choice for which of the following parasites in a marine exhibit?
Laeches, Neobenedinia, Spironucleus, Amyloodinium, Gyrodactylids
Amylooodinium
each 5 mg/L of Formalin added to a system removes ____ of ____ from the water
1 mg/L of oxygen
the use of vaccines and biologics for animals in the USA is regulated by the
USDA
what is the approximte amout of salt that you would need to add to a 2000 gal FW recirculating system in a pet store to create a concentration of 3 ppt?
23,000 g
what is the approx amt of prazi that you would need to add to a 500 gal aquarium if you are treating with a dose of 5 ppm?
9.5 g
potassium permanganate is for use in ________ only
freshwater
there must be a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship for Extra Label use of medications
true
avoid the use of anti-caking agents when selecting a type of salt because they may contain cyanide
true
What is a Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)?
What medication approved for use in aquaculture is a VFD?
What is the withdrawal time of this medication in catfish?
VFD is a category of drug that controls the use of drugs in animal feed, usually in regards to antimicrobials used in food animals and delivered in the animals’ food. It requires a valid relationship with a licensed vet.
Aquaflor (Florfenicol) is a Type A medicated feed approve for use in aquaculture.
the withdrawal time is 15 d in catfish
which one of the following immersion anesthetics is less soluble in water and must be dissolved in ethanol or acetone?
tricaine-S, eugenol, isoeugenol, clove oil, benzocaine
benzocaine
which one of the following should not be used alone as an anesthetic for surgical procedures in fish?
propofol, isoeugenol, tricaine-S, metomidate, benzocaine
metomidate
Saprolgenia
oomycete that occurs only in freshwater and usually causes superficial damage to the skin or gills
“Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome” is caused by what organism?
Aphanomyces invadens
What would you use to treat Fusarium solani in bonnethead sharks?
Heater
Veronaea botryosa infection in sturgeons is associated with
high levels of acute morts
what Ichthyophthirius multifiliis life cycle is most susceptible to tx?
theront
quinaldine is contraindicated for use in what species?
Large Mouth Bass
concentrations of eugenol > ______ are contraindicated
30 mg/L
low dose immersions of formalin have been used to treat parasitic infections in FW discus fish without adverse side effects
true
the dose of MS-222 is usually _______ as salinity and water hardness _______
increased
increase
Currently, what can be used to sedate fish in the wild for immediate release? What are the disadvantages?
carbon dioxide
causes rapid drop in blood pH, causes hypoxemia and cerebral hypoxia by decreasing the transport of oxygen to tissue, should not be used as an anesthetic for invasive or surgical procedures, slow acting, logistical difficulties
common methods of humaely restraining and/or immobilizing sharks for examination at an aquarium facility
anesthesia
tonic-clonic (species-specific)
oxygen narcosis
behavioral/trained
manual (sling)
Branchiomycosis is usually associated with warm water (> 68F)
true
some cultured species, including tilapia, milkfish, and Chinese carp, appear to be resistant to Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
true
the dose of MS-222 is usually lowered as temperature increases
true
Veronaea botryosa infection has zoonotic potential
true
the treatment of choice for Spironucleus in freshwater angelfish is usually metronidazole
true
which water quality parameter is most important to consider when treating FW fish with copper?
total alkalinity
which one of the following mycotic infetions in fish is OIE reportable as of 2014?
Aphanomyces invadens
praziquantel is most effective for the control of which one of the following parasitic diseases?
Ich, monogeneans, trichodina, capillaria, ergasilus
monogeneans
which of the following is highly sensitive to Cu txs, even if used correctly and at the proper concentration?
channel catfish, clown fish, nurse sharks, moray eels, northern pike
nurse sharks
Fusarium is of greatest concern in which of the following species:
tilapia, channel catfish, bonnet head sharks, koi, largemouth bass
bonnet head sharks
If the total alkalinity is over 250 ppm, you do NOT use more than ____ ppm of copper sulfate
2.5
what can be used as a bioindicator of degrading environmental conditions?
large numbers of Trichodina on gill or skin biopsies
Ichthyophornus infects
a wide range of fish species throughout the world
what parasitic organism causes “Proliferative Kidney Disease”, anemia and splenomegaly in rainbow trout?
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
what is the intermediate host for Myxobolus cerebralis?
Tubifex tubifex worm
what is the infective stage of Amyloodinium and is most susceptible to treatment?
dinospore
what parasitic disease is commonly associated with a mixed infection of gram negative bacteria (esp Aeromonas hydrophilia) causing red sore disease in pond-raised fish?
Epistylis
Which one of the following parasitic organisms can cause renal hypertrophy and abdominal distension in pond-raised gold?
Hoferellus carassii
what organism causes “Hamburger Gill Disease” or “Proliferative Gill Disease” in channel catfish causing pale, thickened “clubbed”, and broken gill lamellae?
Henneguya ictaluri
what is the freshwater counterpart of Uronemia?
Tetrahymena
piscinoodinium is classified as what type of group of parasites?
dinoflagellate
Trichodina has a _______ life cycle.
direct
actinospores are the infective stage of myxozoan parasites which are released from the invertebrate host and penetrate the epidermis or gill of the fish
true
Spironucleus (hexamita) is commonly found in the GI tract of which one of the following fish?
LMB, channel catfish, discus, koi, triggerfish
discus
amyloodinium is commonly found in which of the following tissues of clown fish?
gill
Turbellarian infections (Paravoretx sp) are most commonly found on which one of the following fish species?
parrotfish, queen angelfish, rock beauty, yellow tang, blue tangs
yellow tang
which one of the following parasites can be found on FW AND SW fish?
Trichodina
Name 3 diseases or syndromes caused y Myxosporidians
Proliferative Gill Disease in channel catfish
Kidney Enlargement Disease in pond-raised goldfish
Whirling Disease in salmonids
the causative organism of motile Aeromonas septicemia is most commonly a secondary or opportunistic invader
true
what is the marine counterpart to Flavobacterium columnare?
Tenacibaculum maritimum
what obligate intracellular bacterial disease is of concern in the Chilean salmon farming industry and may present grossly with anemia and internally with multifocal nodules and deressions in the liver?
Pisciirickettsia salmonis
what is the primary cause of Enteric Septicemia and hole-in-head disease of catfish?
Edwardsiella ictaluri
what is usually considered the most important determinant of pathogenicity for Koi Herpesvirus?
water temperature
what disease do you suspect when you identify long, thin rods with a flexing and gliding motion forming “haystacks” on a skin scrape of a warm water freshwater fish?
columnaris
what is the cause of Emphysematous Putrefactive Disease of catfish?
Edwardsiella tarda
what is the cause of Bacterial Kidney Disease in cultured salmonids?
Renibacterium salmoninarium
what organism causes “Bacterial Gill Disease” resulting in hyperplasia, deformity and adhesions of the gill lamellae in young cultured freshwater salmonids?
Flavobacterium branchiophilum
what disease causes abnormal swimming, hyperinflation of the swim bladder and vacuolation of the CNS in larval marine fish?
Betanodavirus
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus is in the ___________ family
Rhabdoviridae
what is the most common clinical sign associated with infection of koi with KHV?
gill rot (gill necrosis)
which one of the following viral diseases can you obtain a presumptive diagnosis simply by observing hypertrophy of dermal fibroblasts on a wet mount?
SVC, lymphocystis, Viral Nervous Necrosis, Channel Catfish Virus, Carp Pox
Lymphocystis
what media would you select to isolate Flavobacterium columnare?
Ordal’s media
which one of the following fish pathogens is a gram positive bacterium?
Flavobacterium, Vibrosis, Streptococcus, Piscirickettsia, Aeromonas
Streptococcus
carp pox is caused by a herpesvirus and dose not usually result in mortality of affect fish
true
channel catfish virus is caused by a herpesvirus and most deaths occur in _______ months when fish are _________
summer
< 6 in, young/small fish
erratic swimming, spinning and skin hemorrhage are clinical signs consistent with a diagnosis of Streptococcus
true
betanodaviral infections in fish target the
CNS and eye
Vibriosis mainly infects _________ fish, but also can infect _________.
saltwater
freshwater
Edwarsiella ictaluri can infect fish either by entering through the nasal cavity or by ingestion
true
when present in biofilms, Mycobacteria are much more resistant to disinfection.
true
japanese eels are particularly sensitive to Edwardsiella tarda infections
true
Red Seabream Iridovirus causes disease in ________
Red Seabream and 30+ cultured marine fish species
