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Natural and Environmental Sciences > Fresh water, Oceans, and Coasts. > Flashcards

Fresh water, Oceans, and Coasts. Flashcards

1
Q

What is freshwater?

A

This is water that is relatively pure with few dissolved salts.

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2
Q

How does the water cycle renew and recycle water?

A

Precipitation sinks into the ground or forms rivers which carry water to oceans and lakes.
Rivers interact with ponds, wetlands, and coastal aqauatic ecosystems.
Groundwater exchanges water with surface sources.

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3
Q

What creates the movement of water in a water cycle?

A

A web of interconnected aquatic systems.

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4
Q

What percentage of the freshwater on earth is groundwater?

A

30%

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5
Q

________ is water beneath the surface held within pores in soil or rock.

A

Groundwater.

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6
Q

What are aquifers?

A

These are porous sponge-like formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold groundwater.

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7
Q

The boundary between the aquifer’s upper (porous) layer and the lower layer, which is completely filled with water is ____________

A

The water table.

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8
Q

What is infiltration?

A

This is the process of surface water becoming groundwater.

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9
Q

The water from precipitation that flows over land and into streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and eventually the ocean is called?

A

Run-off

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10
Q

_________ is a small river that flows into a larger one.

A

Tributary.

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10
Q

What is a watershed?

A

The area of land drained by water and its tributaries.

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11
Q

The area closest to a river that is flooded periodically is called?

A

Flood plain.

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12
Q

What makes the soil in a flood plain fertile and good for agriculture?

A

The deposition of silt.

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13
Q

What is a wetland?

A

This is a system in which soil is saturated with water and that usually has shallow standing water and lots of vegetation.

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14
Q

The type of wetland which is made up of shallow water in which plants grow above the surface and that usually lacks trees is called what?

A

Freshwater marshes.

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15
Q

The type of wetalnd made up of shallow water rich in vegetation that occurs in forested areas is?

A

A swamp.

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16
Q

What are bogs?

A

These are another type of wetland made up of ponds covered by thick floating mats of vegetation.

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17
Q

What are vernal pools?

A

They are seasonal wetlands that form in spring from rain and snowmelt, then dry up later.

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18
Q

What are the importances of wetlands?

A

They serve as valuabe wildlife habitat;
They slow runoff, reduce flooding, recharge aquifers, and filter pollutants.

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19
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans?

A

71%

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20
Q

What percentage of Earth’s surface water do oceans make up?

A

97.5%

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21
Q

Ocean is __% water plus _______

A

Approximately 96.5; dissolved salts.

22
Q

Vast river-like flows in the upper 400 meters of the ocean are called?

A

Currents.

23
Q

What drives currents?

A

Wind, heating/cooling, density differences, and the coriolis effect.

24
Q

The rising of cold, dense water toward the surface is called what?

A

Upwelling.

25
Q

What is downwelling?

A

It is the sinking of warm, oxygen-rich, surface water, providing oxygen for deep-water life.

26
Q

Worldwide current system in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface and colder, denser, and saltier water moves deep beneath the surface is called?

A

Thermohaline circulation

27
Q

What is El Niño-Southern Oscillation?

A

This is a systematic shft in the atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean.

28
Q

How often do el niño and la niña events occur?

A

Every 2-8 years.

29
Q

What is El Niño?

A

The strong warming of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

30
Q

What is La Niña?

A

This is the strong cooling of surface water in the Equitorial Pacific Ocean that has wide-spread climatic consequences.

31
Q

The areas where rivers flow into the ocean, mixing freshwater with salt water are?

A

Estuaries.

32
Q

What are salt marshes?

A

These are flat lands that are occasionally flooded by the ocean where the tide reaches the inland.

33
Q

Where do salt marshes occur?

A

The occur along coasts of temperate latitudes.

34
Q

________ are trees with unique roots that curve upward to obtain oxygen, or curve downward to support the tree in changing water levels.

A

Mangroves.

35
Q

what are intertidal zones?

A

Where ocean meets land which occurs between the farthest reaches of the high and low tides.

36
Q

The periodic rising and falling of the ocean’s height at a given location due to the gravitational pull of the moon and sun is called?

A

Tides

37
Q

What is kelp?

A

It is large brown algae growing from the floor of continental shelves along temperate coasts.

38
Q

What is a coral reef?

A

A mass of calcium carbonate formed from the hardened skeleton of tiny animals called corals.

39
Q

The well-lit top layer that supports high primary productivity and has the greatest species diversity is called _______

A

The Photic Zone.

40
Q

What is the Pelagic Zone?

A

Habitats and ecosystems occuring between the oceans’s surface and floor.

41
Q

Habitats and ecosystems occuring in the ocean floor is what ocean zone?

A

The Benthic Zone.

42
Q

What are the threats to the coastal and marine ecosystems?

A

Urban and coastal development.
Nutrient Pollution.
Habitat Alteration.
Overfishing.

43
Q

What is ocean acidification?

A

This is where oceans become more acidic due to increased CO₂ absorption.

44
Q

A scenario where corals lose their colour due to the death of zooxanthellae, which deprives the corals of food is called?

A

Coral bleaching.

45
Q

What is consumptive use of water?

A

it is when water is removed from an aquifer/surface water body, but is not returned.

46
Q

What is non-consumptive use of water?

A

This is when water is not removed or temporarily removed.

47
Q

What are dikes and levees?

A

These are long raised mounds of earth along riverbanks that are used to hold rising water in channels.

48
Q

What is a dam?

A

An obstruction placed in a river or stream to block water flow so that water can be stored in reservoirs.

49
Q

What is the release of matter or energy into the environment that brings about undesirable impacts to the health/life of humans and other organisms called?

A

Pollution

50
Q

What are biological inidicators of water quality?

A

Presence of harmful microorganisms, algae, aquatic invertebrates.

51
Q

What are chemical inidicators of water quality?

A

Plant nutrient concentration, pH test, odor, dissolved oxygen.

52
Q

What are physical inidicators of water quality?

A

Temperature, colour, turbidity.

53
Q

What is another name for treated water?

A

Effluent.

Natural and Environmental Sciences (3 decks)

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