Fresh Quarter 1 Test Flashcards
400,000-11,000 people began making primitive stone tools survived by hunting gathering and dwelled in temporary shelters
Paleolithic period
11,000-4,000 development of agriculture and the domestication of animals allowed permanent shelters
Neolithic period
System of watering and draining land to prevent buildup of salt
Irrigation
Sumerian form of writing; the term describes the wedge shaped strokes of the stylus
Cuneiform
Worship if multiple gods tradition of Egypt and Mesopotamia
Polytheism
I proclamation in the language of the land issued by the Babylonian king Hammurabi to establish law and justice
Hammurabis law code
And Egyptian book that preserved ideas about death and the afterlife
Book of the dead
The leader of religious and political life in the old kingdom, he commanded the wealth, resources and people of Egypt
Pharaoh
The Egyptian belief in a cosmic harmony that embraced truth justice and moral integrity; it gave the pharaohs the right and duty to govern
Ma’at
The period in which the production and use of Bronze implements became basic to society Bronze might farming more efficient and revolutionize warfare
Bronze age
The belief in one universal God
Monotheism
People who speak a language from a large family of languages that includes English most of the languages of modern Europe Greek Latin Persian and Sanskrit
Indo-European
Foreign invaders who destroyed the hit tight and Egyptian empires in the 13th century BC
Sea peoples
The Hebrew god that appeared to Moses on Mount Sinai and made a covenant with the Hebrews; in medieval Latin he became known as Jehovah
Yahweh
. From 587 to 538 BC during which the survivors of a Babylonian attack on the southern kingdom of Judah were exiled in Babylonia
Babylonian captivity
A formal agreement between Yahweh in the Hebrew people that if the Hebrews worship Yahweh as their only God he would consider them his chosen people and protect them from their enemies
Covenant
The main highway created by the Persians; it spanned 1677 miles from Greece to Iran
Royal Road
Persian religion who’s gods, Ahurmazda, God is good and light and Ahriman God of evil and dark, we’re locked in a battle for the human race; the religion emphasized by the individual’s responsibility to choose between good and evil
Zoroastrianism
A flourishing and vibrant culture on Crete around 1650 BC; the palace was the center of political and economical life, the most important one being Knossos
Minoan
A greek society that developed around 1650 BC when a powerful group centered at Mycenae spread its culture over the less advanced native population
Mycenaean
Generally interpreted to mean city state, it was the basic political and institutional unit of Greece
Polis
An elevated point within a city on which stood temples, altars, and public monuments
Acropolis
A Public Square or marketplace that was a political center of Greece
Agora
The heavily armed infantry who were the backbone of the Greek army
Hoplites
Type of government in which a king rules; commandeering the Mycenaean period
Monarchy
Rule by one man who used his wealth or other powers to seize the government unconstitutionally
Tyranny
A type of great government in which all people, without regard to birth wealth, administered the workings of government; and practice, only people granted citizenship participated
Democracy
A type of greek government in which a small group of wealthy citizens not necessarily of aristocratic birth ruled
Oligarchy
A political system developed by Greek states that banded together and leagues and marshal their resources to defend themselves from outside interference, while remaining independent in their internal affairs
Federalism
State serfs who worked the land
Helots
Free naval alliance under the leadership of Athens aimed at liberating Ionia from Persian rule
Delian league
A political concept created in the fourth century BC to prevent war based on the idea that the states of Greece should live together in peace and freedom each enjoying its own laws and customs
Common Peace
Political domination over other states
Hegemony
The new culture that arose when Alexander overthrew the Persian Empire and began spreading Hellenism, the greek culture, language, thought, and way of life.
Hellenistic
An independent autonomous state run by it’s citizens and free of outside interference
Sovereign
The greek goddess of fate or chance; an unpredictable and sometimes malicious force
Tyche
Cults that arose in the second century BC incorporating aspects of Greek and eastern religions involving secret rituals in the promise of life after death
Mystery religions
A practical philosophy founded by Epicurious, it argued that the principal good of human life is pleasure
Epicureanism
The most popular of Hellenistic philosophy, it considered nature an expression of divine will; people could be happy only when living in accordance with nature
Stoicism
A stoic concept that a single law that was part of the natural order of life governed all people
Natural law
The theory of Aristarchus that the earth and planets revolve around the sun
Heliocentric Theory
A public meeting place
Forum
The Roman name for the Celts, the people who swept aside a Roman army and sacked Rome around 390 BC
Gauls
The right to vote or hold Roman office
Franchise
The Roman aristocrats see; wealthy landowners who help political power
Patricians
The common people of Rome
Plebeian’s
Originating under the Etruscans as a council of nobles elders who advise the king, the Roman Senate advise the magistrates; overtime it’s advice came to have the force of law
Senate
The two chief Roman magistrates; elected for one year terms, consuls along with the Senate ran affairs of the state
Consuls
A conflict in which the plebeians wanted real political representation and safeguards against patrician domination in the right to intermarry and climb up the social hierarchy
Struggle of the orders
The plebeian elected officials; tribunes brought Plebeian grievances to the Senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates
Tribunes
A war between Rome and Carthage and which Rome emerged the victor after 23 years of fighting
First Punic war
A war fought between Carthage, led by Hannibal, and Rome; Roman victory meant that the Western Mediterranean would henceforth be Roman
Second Punic war
I political alliance among Cesar, Crassus, Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another’s interests
First triumvirate
A pact between a Gustus into Caesars lieutenants, Mark Antony and Lepidus; together they hunted down and defeated Caesars murderers
Second triumvirate
A large scale human political economic and social organizations
Civilization
