Fresh and Saltwater Systems

Question 1

What are some water sources?

Answer 1

• Rivers
• Lakes / Ponds
• Groundwater
• Glaciers
• Oceans
• Rain

Question 2

How much of the Earth’s Surface is covered in water?

Answer 2

71%

Question 3

What is the Percentage of each type of source of water on earth?
• Oceans (saltwater).
• Glaciers, ice, and snow (frozen freshwater).
• Groundwater (much is unavailable for drinking).
• Lakes, rivers, and ponds (surface freshwater).

Answer 3

Oceans: 97%.
Glaciers, ice, and snow: 2%.
Groundwater: 0.9%
Lakes, rivers, and ponds: 0.1%.

Question 4

How much of the Earth is covered with Freshwater? (in percents)

Answer 4

2.5%

Question 5

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaQCiwzjnCM&ab_channel=CrashCourseKids!

Answer 5

✦

Question 6

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HSFKwho7MQ&ab_channel=NASAGoddard

Answer 6

✧

Question 7

What is Salinity?

Answer 7

Amount of different solids are dissolved in freshwater and saltwater (example: salt).

Question 8

What is Potable Water?

Answer 8

It is water that is safe to drink.

Question 9

Why are Oceans so salty?

Answer 9

Oceans and seas are fed by river water, and rain water. When river water flows it picks up small deposits of minerals, these minerals along with the river water are eventually washed out to sea/ocean.

Question 10

What are some tests that people can do to check if water is safe to drink?

Answer 10

A simple and common method of testing is appearance and smell, but this should be used cautiously because many dangerous organisms will not be detected. 
Tests Include: 
• Color & cloudiness (TURBIDITY)
• Dissolved salts and minerals (HARDNESS)
• Toxic substances
• Bacteria
• pH (acidity)
• Dissolved oxygen
• Even taste

Question 11

What are some techniques that can be used to produce pure water from water that may contain salts, and other substances?

Answer 11

𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - heat is used to evaporate water that leaves salt behind
𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝘀𝗺𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀 - forces salt water through a filter/membrane that only water passes through
Other methods can also be used: https://www.acciona.com/water-treatment/desalination/

Question 12

How come river water is not salty? But it makes the ocean salty?

Answer 12

Over millions of years the rivers have been depositing small amounts of mineral salts into the ocean. Over time that small amount collects and increases the salt concentration of the oceans.

Question 13

Learn more about Reverse Osmosis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkDNYZXZ7Fo&t=1s&ab_channel=ACCIONA

Answer 13

✩

Question 14

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE4saWPyu0w&ab_channel=ACCIONA

Answer 14

✪

Question 15

Describe more about Reverse Osmosis.

Answer 15

• Movement of water through a membrane from a high concentrated solution to one of lower concentration solution.
• Effective, but costs money and uses a lot of energy.
Diagram: https://www.google.com/search?q=reverse+osmosis&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=ALiCzsZh08IHMvQzR7xqzuJJZQPrIKZ46A:1654048047185&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjczaySkYv4AhVKCjQIHWmXCy0Q_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1280&bih=607&dpr=1.5#imgrc=GdQVn1Ho08SPZM

Question 16

Try This Activity: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1kUpuuvpFDX2LCHMPyyzgI0qe6r686lkrnt1qeub1F1I/edit#slide=id.g11c103c7351_1_12

Answer 16

✫

Question 17

Describe Waves.

Answer 17

• Waves are changes in patterns that move along the surface of water.
• Waves do not move water - energy is just transferred through the water as a wave.
• Caused by the wind.
• Waves do most damage on shores.
• Waves can also deposit materials at the shore.

Question 18

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB7rImD7C4U&ab_channel=InternetGeography

Answer 18

✬

Question 19

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NHyuHhh59g&ab_channel=Clapp

Answer 19

✭

Question 20

Describe Tides.

Answer 20

• Change in water level on shores.
• Caused by gravitational pulls from the moon and sun.
• Centripetal force causes water to bulge - higher water levels at the equator.

Question 21

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcGEjzt_4is

Answer 21

✯

Question 22

Describe River Formation.

Answer 22

• Most streams originate in higher elevations.
• In lower areas, smaller streams begin to combine to form rivers, increase in volume.
• Over time rivers slowly begin to twist and turn, this erodes the nearby river banks forming valleys (river is meandering).
• As river waters begin to slow the farther it travels from its source it deposits rocks and minerals into the riverbed.
• River eventually forms collects into a lake, or flows into the ocean.

Question 23

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a3r-cG8Wic

Answer 23

✰

Question 24

Describe some River and Stream Characteristics.

Answer 24

• Help us understand types of organisms living there and the impact humans can have on these waters.
• Engineers use stream characteristics for building bridges, and dams.
• Erosion zone - fast, large sediments enter water.
• Transfer Zone - slowing down, sediment moving along river.
• Deposition Zone - very slow, sediment deposited at bottom of river.
⁂ https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1KT9CzsrKeQfmNJAGnKRWQCdOrNdSvJ3IQ9Yxz9_6fj8/edit#slide=id.g130da92371d_0_77

Question 25

Describe the Characteristics of a Stream.

Answer 25

• 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 - fast, moderate, slow, crawling
• 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 - vast (Amazon River), large (North Sask. River), moderate (Bow River), small (Elbow River), trickle (mountain brook)
• 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲 - straight, sinuous, meandering
• 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝘀𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗲 - (affects speed of water flow - steep, moderate, gentle)
• 𝗥𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲 - (river bottom) V shaped, U shaped, flat, shallow
• 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝘄𝗶𝗱𝘁𝗵 - (how wide is the river) wide, intermediate, narrow
• 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗸 - (tall steep cliffs - not much erosion, valleys eroded over time, deltas form via deposition)
• 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝘀𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘀𝗶𝘇𝗲 - (how large are rocks being pushed by the river)
• 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝘀𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁 - 𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗶𝘁𝘆 (more sediment = murky)
○ Large amounts (Mekong Delta), moderate (North Sask. River), small amounts (Bow River)