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Stats > Frequency, central tendancy, variability, z-scores > Flashcards

Frequency, central tendancy, variability, z-scores Flashcards

1
Q

Parameters

A

Population values e.g. the mean income for the population was 46,000 per annum - 46,000 is a parameter

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2
Q

Sample

A

The individuals selected from the population and that you have gathered information on in your study or intend to do so.

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3
Q

Statistics

A

Sample values (the mean income for the sample was 44,88 per annum - 44,800 is a statistic

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4
Q

Sampling error

A

The discrepancy between the population parameter and sample statistic

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5
Q

Data

A

Many scores

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6
Q

Datum

A

One score

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7
Q

Data set

A

A collection of scores, usually on many different variables.

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8
Q

Experimental manipulation

A

-Drug, treatment

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9
Q

Control manipulation

A
  • Active placebo (e.g. side effects same as drug)

- Passive placebo (e.g.) sugar pill

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10
Q

Independent variable (V)

A
  • the presumed cause of some effect
  • Experimentally manipulation
  • Classifications or naturally occurring
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11
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A
  • Presumed effect of the IV

- The variable that is observed as a result of the manipulation or classification of the IV

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12
Q

Participant variables

A

Age, gender, ect.

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13
Q

Environmental variables

A

Temperature, time of day ect.

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14
Q

Discrete

A

When the measurements can only take on integer values (whole numbers, not fractions)

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15
Q

Continuous

A

When the measurements could conceivably take on any value in a continuum. (i.e. an infinite number of fractional parts)

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16
Q

Confounding variable

A

factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result.

17
Q

Exaggerated variables

A

Use extreme differences between levels/groups of the IV (compare performance (DV) between no help (IV level one) vs. expert help (IV level 2)

18
Q

Frequency distribution table

A

Shows the number of individuals with a certain value (or within a value range) on the measurement in question)

19
Q

Measures of central tenancy

A

mode
median
mean

20
Q

Distributions

A

Normal, negative/positive skew

21
Q

Descriptive statistics

A
  • Measures of central tendancy (mode, mean, median
  • Distributions; Normal, Negative/positive skew
  • measuring variability
  • standard deviation
22
Q

Measures of central tendancy

A

typical or average score in distribution

23
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of scores

24
Q

Median

A

score falling in the exact center

25
Q

Mode

A

most frequently occurring score

26
Q

n

A

total number of scores in sample

27
Q

Sigma (weird E symbol)

A

the sum of X, (add up all scores)

28
Q

how do you find the median with an odd number of scores?

A

Order the scores from largest to smallest then it is the middle value.

29
Q

how do you find the median with an even number of scores.

A

order scores from smallest to largest

then add the two middle scores together and divide by two.

30
Q

Variability

A

How much scores vary from each other and from the mean

31
Q

Standard deviation

A

Numerical depection of variability

  • high variability in data set = high standard deviation
  • Low variability in data set = low standard deviation
32
Q

Normal distribution

A

Normal distribution is a symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population.

33
Q

Fixed pattern

A

how scores under the normal distribution are dispersed

34
Q

What does standard deviation serve as

A

a unit of measurement

- about 68% of scores fall within one SD (plus or minus from the mean.

35
Q

z-scores (standardized scores)

A

Used to describe the location of individual raw scores (X) on the distribution in standard deviation units

Stats (2 decks)

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