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eots > French revolution > Flashcards

French revolution Flashcards

1
Q

How was King Louis XVI as a leader?

A

He was an absolute monarch who was not answerable to the people, a parliament, or a constitution.

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2
Q

Why was expenditure more than income?

A

Expenditure was more than income because King Louis XVI borrowed a great deal of money and as a result 50% of expenditure was paid on the interest for money borrowed.

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3
Q

What did he engage the country in?

A

He engaged the country in many wars which were unaffordable, Example: American War for Independence.

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4
Q

How did he deny the country much needed revenue?

A

By not taxing the First and Second Estate, he denied the country much needed revenue.

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5
Q

What did he allow his wife to do?

A

He allowed his wife Marie Antoinette to give positions of authority to her friends and she continuously spent money lavishly during the financial crisis.

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6
Q

What was aroused due to his poor leadership?

A

Great dissatisfaction among the majority of the population due to his weak leadership

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7
Q

What was the First Estate?

A

The First Estate was ‘The Clergy’, which was considered a privileged estate.

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8
Q

What was The Clergy divided into?

A

The Clergy was divided into ‘ The Lower Clergy ‘ and ‘The Upper Clergy’.

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9
Q

Who was the Upper Clergy made of?

A

The Upper Clergy was made up of wealthy and arrogant bishops and abbots.

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10
Q

Who was the Lower Clergy made of?

A

The Lower Clergy was made up of village priests who were poor and resented the Upper Clergy.

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11
Q

How did the Upper Clergy make money?

A

The Upper Clergy made money by selling their offices, their positions to subordinates, and then moving to Paris or Versailles to live in luxury.

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12
Q

What did the Upper Clergy own?

A

The Upper Clergy owned 10% of the land in France.

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13
Q

What were the Upper Clergy responsible for?

A

The Upper Clergy were responsible for the registration of marriages, births and deaths.

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14
Q

What did the Upper Clergy collect?

A

The Upper Clergy collected tithes(taxes), usually 10%.

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15
Q

What did the Upper Clergy operate?

A

The Upper Clergy operated Schools and Hospitals.

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16
Q

What were the Upper Clergy Exempted from?

A

The Upper Clergy were exempted from taxation.

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17
Q

What was the Second Estate?

A

The Second Estate was ‘The Nobility’, considered a privileged estate.

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18
Q

What was the Nobility divided into?

A

The Nobility was divided into ‘The nobility of the Sword’ with more prestige, and ‘The Nobility of the Robe’ with less prestige.

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19
Q

What could the Nobility of the sword trace?

A

The Nobility of the sword could trace their family history or lineage for hundreds of years.

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20
Q

How did The Nobility of The Robe attain their title?

A

The Nobility of The Robe gained their title through payment, since it was created by the King.

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21
Q

What did The Nobility have?

A

The Nobility held the highest positions in the church, the government and the army.

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22
Q

What did The Nobility own?

A

The Nobility owned approximately 40% of land in France.

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23
Q

What did they impose?

A

They imposed a great deal of taxes among the peasants living on their land.

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24
Q

What were they exempted from?

A

They were exempted from taxation.

25
Q

Who were the Third Estate?

A

The Third Estate was made of ‘The Bourgeosie’ and ‘The Peasants’

26
Q

What class were the Bourgeosie?

A

The Bourgeosie were middle class.

27
Q

How were they?

A

The Bourgeosie were educated and wealthy but had no prestige or status.

28
Q

Why were The Bourgeosie unhappy?

A

They were unhappy because they had no political power and they were frustrated since their attempts at upward mobility were blocked by the First and Second Estate who resented changes.

29
Q

What did the Bourgeosie want?

A

The Bourgeosie wanted all the positions in church, government and army to be open to people of talent.

30
Q

What constitution did they want?

A

They wanted a constitution to limit the King’s powers.

31
Q

Did the peasants own land?

A

No, most of them did not own land but rented it from the Nobility.

32
Q

What did the Peasants pay?

A

The Peasants paid direct taxes in the form of a poll tax(a tax on the head of each household) and the taille(a tax on land). This tax was mainly collected by the government and took half of a peasant’s harvest value.

33
Q

What other taxes did the Peasants pay?

A

They also pain indirect taxes in the form of the gabelle or the salt tax, tax on wine and bread.

34
Q

What else did the Peasants pay?

A

The Peasants also paid feudal dues to use their master’s flour mill, community oven, and the winepress.

35
Q

What did they have to pay?

A

They had to pay a tax to use local roads and bridges to carry their herd of cattle during the years 1788-1789.

36
Q

Why did their purchasing power decline?

A

Their purchasing prices declined since prices were increasing more than wages.

37
Q

What was the Political Power in France concentrated on?

A

The Political power in France was concentrated on The First Estate and The Second Estate.

38
Q

What did Louis XVI allow?

A

He allowed the noble families of landholders and titled businessmen and the clergy to have powers and privileges in government and the judiciary, that they were not entitled to.

39
Q

What did the monarchy lose?

A

The monarchy lost its prestige and had become quite corrupt and incompetent.

40
Q

Who resented the privileges the Clergy and the Nobility had?

A

The Bourgeosie resented the privileges the Clergy and the Nobility had.

41
Q

What did the Bourgeosie demand?

A

They demanded a voice in the government.

42
Q

What did the Bourgeosie want?

A

The Bourgeosie wanted the king to hand over his powers to an elected assembly.

43
Q

What were formed to discuss changes wanted?

A

Political groups were formed to discuss changes they wanted.

44
Q

What was in the hands of the First and Second Estate?

A

Wealth was in the hands of the First and Second Estate,

45
Q

What privilege did the First and Second Estates enjoy?

A

They enjoyed the privilege of having no taxes to pay.

46
Q

As a result of no taxes to the First and Second Estates, what did the country lose?

A

France lost valuable revenue, which they needed, due to the exemption of taxation to the First and Second Estates.

47
Q

What rose due to more expenditure and wars?

A

France’s defense cost had risen by 25%.

48
Q

What left France bankrupt?

A

The extravagance and inefficiency in the financial administration of the country left France bankrupt.

49
Q

What were the peasants burdened with?

A

The Peasants were burdened with a great deal of taxation(both direct and indirect), they could not grow enough to eat and did not own land.

50
Q

What was the outcome of bad weather and failed harvests?

A

especially in 1788, wheat prices doubled and a loaf of bread went up by 50% between April 1788 and March 1789.

51
Q

What occurred during 1787 and 1789?

A

During 1787 and 1789, unemployment rose by 50% as the population grew by 30%.

52
Q

How many people made up the First and Second Estates?

A

Approximately 535,000 people made up the First and Second Estates.

53
Q

What was the total amount of people in France?

A

Approximately 26,000,000 people populated France.

54
Q

How many people did the Peasantry make up?

A

The Peasantry made up around 22,000,000 people of the population.

55
Q

What were the watchwords of the French Revolution?

A

The Watchwords were, “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”

56
Q

Who were the individuals that wrote about the inequalities and injustices of this society?

A

The individuals were: Voltaire Montesquieu and Rousseau.

57
Q

What did Voltaire tell his countrymen?

A

Voltaire told his countrymen that “Whatever you do, trample down abuses, and love those who love you.”

58
Q

What did Rousseau declare?

A

Rousseau declared that “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

59
Q

What did these educated Frenchmen want?

A

These educated men just wanted a society based on the watchwords; Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

eots (6 decks)

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