free energy, spontaneity, and entropy Flashcards
entropy is a measure of _____ or _____
randomness or disorder
The driving force for a spontaneous process is an
_______ of the universe
increase in the entropy
a thermodynamic function describing the
number of arrangements that are available to a system
Entropy
The first law of thermodynamics
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. In other words, the energy of the universe is constant.
Energy in Chemical reactions
A + B → C + D + Energy
A + B → C + D + Energy
The potential energy is the chemical bonds of C and D is ____
lower
The excess has been given off (energy) as thermal energy, or heat, which is kinetic energy transferred to the surroundings
- Processes that occur without outside intervention
- may be fast or slow
Spontaneity / Spontaneous Processes
*Many forms of combustion are ___
*Conversion of graphite to diamond is ____
fast; slow
Kinetics is concerned with _____,
thermodynamics with the _____
speed; initial and final state
Second Law of Thermodynamics
▪ “In any spontaneous process there is always an increase in the entropy of the universe”
▪ “The entropy of the universe is
increasing”
For a given change to be spontaneous, ΔS universe must be _____
positive
ΔS universe = ΔS system + ΔS surroundings
The probability of occurrence of a particular state depends on the number of ways (microstates) in which that arrangement can be
achieved
Positional Entropy
S solid < S liquid «_space;S gas
Entropy changes in the surrounding are primarily determined by _____
heat flow (temperature)
temperature affects entropy indirect relationship
in exothermic process, if ΔS surroundings is ______
positive; more disorder in surroundings
The lower the temperature, the _____ the impact to the surroundings of the transfer of energy
higher
mas malamig, mas mataas impact sa transfer of energy
