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Bio Exam 2 > Freaken crap I hope is on the Exam > Flashcards

Freaken crap I hope is on the Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain how someone can gain weight and store fat even when on a low-fat diet.

A

if caloric intake is excessive, body cells use metabolic pathways to convert the excess fat. The glycerol and fatty acids of fats are made from G3P and acetyl CoA, respectively, both produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates

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2
Q

Compare the processes and locations of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

A

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3
Q

Explain how the human body uses its daily supply of ATP.

A

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4
Q
  • Describe the special function of brown fat.
  • Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation.
  • Distinguish between obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.
  • Explain how carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are used as fuel for cellular respiration.
A
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5
Q
  • Explain how the energy in a glucose molecule is released during cellular respiration.
  • Explain how redox reactions are used in cellular respiration.
  • Describe the general roles of dehydrogenase, NADH, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration.
  • Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of the three stages of cellular respiration.
A
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6
Q

Provide the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration.

A

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7
Q

Explain how breathing and cellular respiration are related.

A

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8
Q

What effect would an absence of oxygen (O2) have on the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Without oxygen to “pull” electrons down the electron transport chain, the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 could not be harnessed for ATP synthesis.

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9
Q

For each glucose molecule processed, what are the net molecular products of glycolysis?

A

two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of. NADH

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10
Q

Of the three main stages of cellular respiration, which one does not take place in the mitochondria?

A

Stage 1- glycolysis, occurs in cytosol

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11
Q

What chemical characteristic of the element oxygen accounts for its function in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen is extremely electronegative, making it very powerful in pulling electrons down the electron transport chain.

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12
Q

Stages of cell respiration

A

3 stages
•glycolysis
•Kreb’s Cycle
•electron transport chain

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13
Q

FAD- NAD

A
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14
Q

oxidation and reduction always happen together.

A

electrons have a negative charge, and if it is reducing it makes it more negative. (gaining electrons)

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15
Q

Reduction

A

gains electron

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

loses electron

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17
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion. Does this use energy?

A
  1. Does not require energy
  2. The process by which things enter the cell membrane by combining with a special protein that allow it to carry substances into the cell
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18
Q

Which solution condition do plant cells prefer?

A

a hypotonic solution

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19
Q

Describe what it means for a solution to be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic.

A
  1. Isotonic solution, the concentration of solute is the same on both sides of a membrane, and the cell volume will not change.
  2. a hypotonic solution, the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, water molecules move into the cell, and the cell will expand and may burst.
  3. a hypertonic solution, the solute concentration is higher outside the cell, water molecules move out of the cell, and the cell will shrink.
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20
Q

osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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21
Q

Define diffusion. How is this related to passive transport? Does this use energy?

A

Diffusion is the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space. Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy, so it is called passive transport.

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22
Q

List the functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. Some proteins help maintain cell shape and coordinate changes inside and outside the cell through their attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
  2. Some proteins function as receptors for chemical messengers from other cells.
  3. Some membrane proteins function as enzymes
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23
Q

Cell Membranes Structure

A

A Cells Membrane structure enables its many functions, such as regulating traffic across the membrane.

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24
Q

Energy and the Cell

A

A cells metabolic reactions transform energy, using ATP to drive cellular work.

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25
Q

How do Enzymes Function

A

Enzymes speed up a cell’s chemical reactions and provide precise control of metabolism.

26
Q

Diffusion

A

It is the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space.

27
Q

Phospholipids

A

A type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane.

They assemble into membranes.

28
Q

Passive Transport

A

Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy so its called Passive Transport.

29
Q

Solute Molecules

A
30
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

A term that describes the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water based on its solute concentration.

31
Q

What do cells do in a High Solute Concentration Hypertonic Solution?

A

Cells SHRINK

32
Q

What will cells do in Low Solute Concentration Hypertonic Solution?

A

Cells will swell.

33
Q

What is Hypertonic?

A

Its just has a high solute concentration.

34
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Has the lower solute concentration.

35
Q

A cell with containing a 3% sucrose solution is placed in beaker with a 5% sucrose solution. (Sucrose is impermeable to the cell membrane)

Which one is Hypertonic, and which one is hypotonic?

A

Hypertonic is %5 cause its higher.

Hypotonic its lower

36
Q

Will water enter or exit the cell by osmosis?

A

Water will exit the cell because there is a higher concentration of water inside the cell.

37
Q

Explain the function of the contractile vacuoles in the freshwater Paramecium?

A

Paramecium lives is hypotonic to the cell. The contractile vacuoles expel the water that constantly enters the cell by osmosis.

38
Q

Do Hydrophobic substances (Non-polar) easily diffuse across a cell membrane?

A

Yes, it does easily diffuse across a cell membrane.

39
Q

Do polar or charged substances easily cross cell membranes?

A

No they do not easily cross cell membranes.

40
Q

What specific transport protein helps polar or charged substances move across the membrane?

A

The specific transport protein is called Facilitated Diffusion.

41
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion.

A

It does not require energy.

Relies on the concentration gradient.

It helps specific substances diffuse across the membrane down their concentration gradients. So it does not require input of energy. (Literally the 2 things above this)

42
Q

What is the protein channel called when the very rapid diffusion of water goes into and out of certain cells?

A

It is called aquaporin.

43
Q

What must a cell do in active transport?

A

In active transport, a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient.

44
Q

What does ATP supply?

A

ATP supplies the energy for most active Transport.

45
Q

Cells actively transport Ca2+ out of the cell. Is calcium more concentrated inside or outside of the cell?

A

Calcium is more concentrated ‘outside’ the cell because active transport moves calcium abasing its concentration gradient.

46
Q

What do Exocytosis and endocytosis transport?

A

They transport large molecules across membranes.

47
Q

What are the two mechanisms to move large molecules across membranes?

A
  1. Exocytosis, which is used to export bulky molecules, like proteins or polysaccharides.
  2. Endocytosis, which is used to take in large molecules

(And in both cases, material is to be transported is packaged within a vesicle that fuses with the membrane.)

48
Q

What are the two forms of endocytosis?

A

Two forms of endocytosis are Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.

49
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is endocytosis ( this means the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle. ) of particulate (solid) matter

50
Q

What does pinocytosis mean?

A

Pinocytosis is endocytosis ( this means the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle) of liquid matter.

51
Q

What are two kinds of Endocytosis?

A

The two kinds of Endocytosis is Phagocytosis and Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

52
Q

What does Phagocytosis mean?

A

Phagocytosis is the engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole.

53
Q

What does Receptor-mediated endocytosis mean?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses membrane receptors for specific solutes.

54
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion

55
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Potential energy is energy stored in the location or structure of matter and includes chemical energy.

56
Q

What are the laws of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed.

Energy transfers increase or transformation disorder, or entropy, with some energy being lost as heat.

57
Q

Exergonic reactions does what and requires what?

A

Exergonic reactions releases energy!

Exergonic reactions requires energy and yield products rich in potential energy.

58
Q

Provide the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration.

A

?

59
Q

ATP powers all forms of what?

A

All forms of cellular work.

60
Q

The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP is involved in what?

A

It is involved in chemical, transport, and mechanical work.

61
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Enzymes are protein catalysts that decrease the activation energy needed to begin a reaction.

62
Q

Enzymes speed up the cells chemical reactions by doing what?

A

They lower energy barriers.

Bio Exam 2 (2 decks)

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