FRANCE AOS 2 EVENTS Flashcards
Reforms of NA
- communes payment
- municipal officers elected by people through assemblys
- number of bishops reduced from 150-80
- church now subordanate to state
- all tithes besided bishop and vicar abolished
EFFECT
- allienated devoute catholics
- condemed for being heretical as challenged popes authority, seporated frances church from universal church
- many members of clergy angry at government for taking control of the church
- church made department of state, greatly reduced its power and influence
QUOTES
“the assemly’s most serious mistake” - doyle
“the parish was at the heart of the community, a source of spiritual comofrt and insportation” - mcphee
clerical oath
27th sept 1790
- NA demanded all clergy swear loyaly to “the nation, the law and the king”
- clerics who did not take oath refused salary, office and citizenship
- 90% refusal rate in vendee
- 1/3 of clerical deputies in NA swore oath
EFFECT
- split juring priests
- affect common people who witnessed the removal of their local religious leaders
- APRIL 13 1791, pope published Encyclical Charitas where condemned CCC (civilian conservational corps) as unethical
QUOTES:
“it was clear that the refusal to take the oath was the first sign of popular resistance to the revoliution” -FURET
“the french rev had many turning points but the oath of the clergy, was, if not the greatest, unquestinability one of them -DOYLE
Flight to Varennes
20TH JUNE 1791
- king felt allinated by the CCC, as was devout catholic
- louis felt as if he and his family were prisoners
- by reaching austria, louis would be in position to take to Austrian emperor, brother in law, to aid in restoring of monachial power in france
WHAT
- left tuileries 20th june 1791 disguised
- 24 hours in caught at varenes
EFFECT
- french people saw louis XVI as a liar, as he swore oath in june to support the consitution
- divided opinions on whether he shall be exocuted or should it not matter as rev is complete
- seen as direct attack on revolution, people lost faith
QUOTE
“by fleeing, one kind had renounced his soverginity, while antoehr king, the people, grimly looked on” - richet - ideas of pop soverginity
“his flight tore away the veil of that false consitutional monarchy” furet
Champ De Mars
July 17th, 1791
- demonstration to protect assembly’s decision to reinstate the king
- republicans assembled at ‘Champ De Mars’ to sign petition drafted by cordeliers club demanding kings abdicaction
- peaceful protest turned violent, Bailley declaring matrial guard
- lafayette and troops fired on crowd - 60 deaths
EFFECT
- lead to rise of radical leaders like robspierre
- marked as parting of the radicals and the moderates: those who drew power from the political spectrum and those who attempted to restrain the san-culottes
QUOTES
“the Champ De Mars massacre marked a division of power and the beginning of a struggle for supremacy”
Declaration of Pillnitz
27th Aug 1791
- intended effect was to force french state to restore louis to previous power in order to prevent a war
- issued by emperor of Austria and king of Russia, claimed eurpoean powers would use force if necessary to restore monarchy
Effect;
pushed revolutionaries’ agenda with renewed fevour
QUOTES
“louis’ position was ‘a matter of common concern to all the soverignes of europe” - decloration pillnitz
Constitution of 1791
13th Sept 1891
- enshrined the liberty and equality of male citizens
- officies opened to all citizens
- right to assemble
- property private
- legislative power belongs to national assmebly
- king had power of supensive vento
EFFECT
- however the kings right to Varennes makes it obsolete as it showed he despised the consitutional monarchy he swore he would attempt to agree to
- turned france into s const monarchy
- highlighted privileges of active citizens
- exacerbated the radicalisim of the popular, militant republic movement
QUOTES
“giving the impression of adopting the new ideas is the safest say of defeating them” - LOUIS
“The ambigity about the meaning of citzenship in the Decloration of Rights of Man was resolved bt excluding women and ‘passive’ male citizen’ - McPhee
Legislative Assembly
1st Oct 1791
-lasted 11 months
-
COUNTER REV GROWS
- Nearly all ancien regime bishops and many of the greatest court and parliment familys had emergied to austria and germany
- 6,000 had emmigrated
Decloration on war with austria
- 20th april 1792
started a series of rev wars, splits between political parties - much war support came from brissots fraction
-robesperre took a cautionus stand and believed war would allow louis to recover his authority - win-win for louis
– if france lost, he’d regain his previous power
– if france won, he would appear as a true partiot
AIMS
- to protect the revolution and eilimate threats from rorigine powers
- also inspire rev spirt in the npeople of Austria to lead themto rebel
effect
- at start of war war moral was low, soldiers often diobaying orders
- french suffered extreme losses
- declouration of war created further divisions in rev
- revalities pop rev LA begain ienlisitng san culottes began demanding for more political and social oppotunities
- war exposed king, he used suspensive veto power to block critical pieces of legilation, used to prove his conspiracy plot
QUOTES:
- “the course of the war was destined to end only with the revolution itself” - doyle
‘Louis XVI had “hardly anything to lose”’ - simon scharma
Fear of Traitors
- emergies of military officers, this caused a degree of panic through france
- the assignat value dropped, 1791 harvests was devastating and coupled with the deregulation of trade, food prices soared
Rise of San Culottes
- bourgeoisie middle class men of 1789 began to give away to the sans culottes.
- federes demanded the admission of passive citizens into the sectional assemblies and national guard, their requests were granted
- sans culottes identified as a political force
EFFECT
- pushed the rev to terror
- moderates found them uncontrollable of the sans culottes
- sans culottes exerted much power more power as rev radicalised, direct democracy through journees forced leg assembly and NC to adopt more extreme policies
FEDERES
- assembly enlisted a further 20,000 men to defend the capital, this is the federes
- published the decree on 8th june 1972
EFFECT
-for louis, represented a force that could be used against them
first attack on tuileries
20th june 1792
- sans culottes presented a petition to assenbky agaist kings veto, demanding reinstatement of giondin
- louis remained calm and put on bonnet rogue, and took toast to rev
EFFECT
-growth in support for louis
-assembly critised for failure to protect louis
- populare movements began to realise power of violence
“no aristocats! no vetos! no priests!” - slogans chanted
“sans culottes tended to ‘see everything in black and white… and to believe any rumour against a man who had falled from popular favour”” - hampson
fatherland in danger decree
11th july 1792
- decree passed by assembly declared “the homeland is in danger” called all citizens to share defence of the revolution.
- state of emergancy declared by LA on july 13th 1792
EFFECT
-exachabated the fear and hysteria of sans culottes
“make haste, citizens, save liberty and average your glory” - la patrie in danger
brunswick manifesto
25th july 1792
- proclaimed of commander of austro-prussion forces, duke of brunswick
- threatened summary justice if any harm came to louis
EFFECT
- paris more radical
- manifesto encouraged sans culottes into action
Served as “proof that the king was the center of a vast conspiricy linking foregin, tyrants, emrigres, counter rev generals and corrupt politicians” - southerland
“the city of paris and all its inhibiatants shall be required to submit the respect with the law demands of subjects toward sovereigns” brunswick manifesto
Storming of the Tulieries #2
10th aug 1792
- rev commune established aug 9th, ridding paris of the bougeoisie paris commune hotel de ville
- planned assault by rev commune
- tulieries palace invaded again, this time by a large contingent on sans-culottes, 7,000 national guard and 2,000 feudes
- tulieries palace defined by only 3000 troops
- 560 swiss guards slaughtered and 300 sans culottes died
EFFECT
- represent a trial of strength between bourgeoisie and sans culottes
- assembly came to a king of compromise with commune
- rev entered radical phase
- france transformed from const monarchy to bourgeoning republic as moderate paris commune overthrown and replaced with radicals
- deposed king and family imprisoned in temple in northern paris
the storming was “not an incidental movement in the history of the revolution, it was in fact, its logical consummation”” - scharma
“it was the bloodiest day of the revolution so far, but also one of the most decisive. through the king and his family remained unscathed, his authoroty fell with the palace” - doyle
sept massacre
- 2nd sept 1792
- sans culottes learned that verdun was about to surrender with sent french into panic
- call to kill all traitors
- invaded prisions and set up rev tribunials
- casualities 1,200
EFFECT
- control of paris split between commune and assembly
- assembly horrified by bloodshead
schama “the sept massacres exposed a central truth of the french rev: its dependance on organised killing to accomplish political ends”
Rude: “the massacres were an event of some importance, the appared to complete the distruction of the enemy, victory of the revolution over its enemys at home”
“let the blood of traitors flow, that is the only way to save the country” - marat
formation of national convention
- 21st sept 1792
- basis of universal manhood suffrage
- many of the deputes were experienced but had little in common with SCS
- all 24 members for paris were Jacobins, republicans or supporters of the commune
convention declared france was “one and indivisable” united under the republic
committee of general security OCT 1972
- formed to oversee internal security of republic
- its members were responsible for identifying and dealing with suspected conter revs
- suspects brought to rev tribunial
Louis’s trial and execution 1973 JAN
4 main motions
1- vote for louis guilty (691 yes, no against)
2- decide whether to hold referendum (287 yes, 424 against)
3- method of pumishment for louis (361/721 wanted death penalty)
4- should louis be reprieved (380 rejected)
findings of iron chest added weight to louis trial
montagnards had been adamant towards an immediate execution
executed 21st Jan 1793, attempted to proclaim his innocence
EFFECT
- demonstrated that all traitors to rev must be exocuted
- if claimed to louis not be guilty were seen as traitors to rev
- other monachs of europe furious
QUOTES
“it was not so much a victory as a challenge… it satisfied the sans culottes, but made thr rev far more enemies than friends and immeasurably strenghtened those who were already its enemies” - doyle
