Frameworks Vocab Flashcards
Lexis
the words used in text or spoken data; the words, phrases, and idioms of language.
Semantics
the meaning of language. the semantic of a word is its dictionary meaning.
Grammar
the way individual words are structured and arranged together in sentences.
Phonetics
the study of sounds made by speakers.
Phonology
how sounds work to create meaning in a particular language or language variety.
Pragmatics
how context affects meaning (inferred meaning, conversational implicature).
Discourse
the way language is structured.
Personal pronoun
pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person, second person, or third person.
Possessive pronoun
a pronoun that is used to express ownership or possession.
Reflexive pronoun
are words ending in -self or -selves that are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same.
Demonstrative pronoun
a pronoun used to point to specific people or things.
Relative pronoun
introduce relative clauses. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that.
Epigram
a pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way.
Proper noun
names of people or places.
Abstract noun
non-physical things: feelings, concepts and ideas (e.g. love, envy, oblivion).
Concrete noun
names for physical objects (e.g. table, bridge, river).
Collective noun
a noun that refers to a group (of people, animals, things, etc.).
Material verb
describe actions or events (hit, run, eat, push, paint, remove, hold).
Relational verb
describe states of being or are used to identify (be, appear, seem, become).
Mental verb
describe perception, thought or speech (think, speak, believe, love).
Dynamic verb
processes where there is a change in state over time (paint, remove, eat).
Stative verb
processes where the situation remains constant (love, hold, believe).
Base adjective
normal adjectives that don’t have the idea of ‘very’.
Comparative adjective
used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher).
Superlative adjective
used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest).
Lexical cohesion
refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text.
Addition
these are words and phrases that provide cohesion within the body of the text (and, also, too, in addition, furthermore).
Consequence
these are words and phrases that provide cohesion within the body of the text (so, therefore, thus, as a result, consequently).
Comparative
these are words and phrases that provide cohesion within the body of the text (similarly, likewise, just as, as well, also, but, however, whereas, and yet, on the contrary, on the other hand).
Temporal
these are words and phrases that provide cohesion within the body of the text (later, next, now, soon, afterwards).
Enumeration
these are words and phrases that provide cohesion within the body of the text (firstly, then, finally).
Summative
these are words and phrases that provide cohesion within the body of the text (in conclusion, on the whole, with all things considered).
Anaphoric referencing
when a pronoun refers back to a previously mentioned noun
Cataphoric referencing
the pronoun “him” anticipates the proper noun “Tony” which occurs in the second sentence.
Substitution
replacing one set of lexical items for another. E.g. The lexical item “Mobile phone” is replaced by another set “newer model” to avoid awkward repetition.
Ellipsis
involves omitting sets of elements.
Elliptical construction
a sentence from which one or more words are omitted for the sake of conciseness.
Collocation
the habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words with a frequency greater than chance (fish and chips, hot and cold, love and hate, thunder and lightning).
Euphemism
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
Dysphemism
a derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one.
Idiom
a phrase or expression that usually presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase.
Cliché
a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.
Colloquialism
(of language) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary.
Etymology
the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word.
Hyponym
a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it (spoon is a hyponym of cutlery).
Antonym
a word of opposite meaning.
Jargon
special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand.
Taboo
prohibited or restricted by social custom.
Phoneme
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another.
Grapheme
the smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system.
Morpheme
a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided.
Prefix
one- to three-syllable affixes added to the beginning of a base word to slightly change its meaning.
Suffix
one or more letters added to the end of a base word to change its conjugation, word type, or other grammar properties like plurality.
Neologism
a newly coined word or expression.
Coining
inventing (a new word or phrase.)
Borrowing/Loan word
a word taken from one language and translated in a literal or word for word way to be used in another.
Compounding
when two or more words are combined together to form a new word.
Acronym
an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word.
Blending
joining the beginning of one word and the end of another to make a new word with a new meaning.
Abbreviation
a shortened form of a word or phrase.
Clipping
the shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one syllable.
Derivation
the formation of a word from another word or base.
Rhyme motivation
words next to each other that rhyme.
Conversion
a word-formation process that assigns an existing word to a different word class, part of speech, or syntactic category.
Brand names
a word, name, symbol, etc., especially one legally registered as a trademark, used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify its products distinctively.
Subject
usually as the start of a syntactic structure which identifies a noun/pronoun.
Object
usually after the verb in a syntactic structure which is the item the verb is performed on.
Complement
a thing that contributes extra features to something else in such a way as to improve or emphasise its quality.
Adverbial
a word or group of words that modifies a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a whole clause.
Declarative statement
a sentence that makes a statement, provides a fact, offers an explanation, or conveys information.
Interrogative statement
sentences that ask a question, typically to request information.
Imperative statement
a sentence that expresses a direct command, request, invitations, warning, or instruction.
Exclamative statement
a statement that expresses strong emotion with a !
