frameworks Flashcards
pragmatic
•context- circumstances in which it takes place. May be aware of context in order to understand meaning
•grice’s maxims- unspoken rule which allows a convo to operate successfully
-quality
-quantity
-manner
-relevance
•implicature- implied meaning
•phatic talk- lang used to establish or develop social contact
•convergence/divergence- speakers adjust lang in relation to the people they are interacting with. Convergence is when accents & dialects are more similar. Divergence is when differences are more pronounced
syntax
•dialect- distinct vocab, grammar & syntax
•subject- noun phrase or pronoun which is the actor of the verb within a clause
•object- np or pronoun which is governed or affected by the verb within a clause
-direct- directly affected
-indirect- object received the action of the verb
-object/preposition- noun or np governed by or linked with a preposition
-predicate- part of a sentence which contains the verb & offers info about the subject
•phrase- group of words that function as a single syntactical unit
-noun phrase- head word is noun, usually structured as determiner & noun
-modified np- np which includes adjective
-adjective phrase- structured as adverb & adjective
-adverbial phrase- structured as two or more adj
-verb phrase- structured as auxiliary verb & main verb
•clause- group of words, larger than phrase, contain finite verb
-main/independent- subject & predicate & expresses complete concept
-subordinate/dependent- depends on mc to make sense
-coordinate- mc which is preceded by coordinate conjunction, connecting it to another main clause
•declarative, interrogative, exclamative, imperative
•active & passive voice
•deixis- rely on context to convey meaning
subordinate clause types
•adverbial- refers to grammatical function (word, phrase, clause)
-a clause will function as an adverbial if it begins with a subordinating conjunction e.g after, as
-will add detail by telling how, where when why what
-if the adverbial comes before mc, it should be followed by a comma
•relative clause- begins with a relative pronoun & functions like a single adjective to describe a noun e.g that, which
-a rc does the same thing as a single adjective
-if a rc is needed to identify which person, place or thing is meant, it is a defining clause. Non-defining clause adds info
•nominate relative clause/ noun clause- functions like a single noun or pronoun to name a person, place or thing
-can function in any of the ways a noun or single pronoun can in a sentence
•non-finite clause- contains a verb but has no subject (the verb refers to a subject in another clause)
-the verb in a non-finite clause is a non-finite form (participle or an infinitive)
-a nfc containing a present participle or past participle is a participle clause
-a nfc containing the infinitive form of a verb is an infinitive clause
verb types
•present (simple)- currently happening or happens regularly e.g has, goes, loves, rains, get
•past (simple)- something that happened or happened once and now finished e.g walked, ate, loved, lived, went
•future- haven’t happened yet e.g will, won’t, go, give
continuous- continue for a period of time, formed with relevant tense of auxiliary verb
•perfect- particular point, formed by relevant tense of auxiliary verb ‘to have’ & past participle of main verb
•regular- form their tenses according to a particular pattern e.g laughs, laughed, laughing
•irregular- don’t follow normal rules e.g begin, begins, began, begun, beginning
•transitive- used with an object e.g a noun that refers to a person or thing affected by the action of the verb, can have direct & indirect object
•intransitive- does not have an object
•auxiliary- form tenses, moods & voices of other verbs .e.g is, were, had
•modal (deontic or epistemic)- express necessity, possibility, intention or ability e.g must, should, may, might
