Fractures And Dislocations - Week 3 PBL Flashcards
What are three fracture causes?
Traumatic
Pathological
Stress
What are the six types of fractures?
Transverse - direct force
Spiral - rotational force
Intraarticular - force at joint
Segmental
Multifragmental (comminuted)
Green stick (paeds)
What are open and closed fractures?
Open- bone through skin
Closed - skin intact
Ways to stabilise a fracture?
Cast
Sling
Split
Brace
What is reduction of bones?
Realignment of the bones
What are complications of fractures?
Compartment syndrome
Fat embolus
OA
Growth plate damage in children
What’s the difference in treatment for for intra and extra capsular hip fractures?
Extra - blood supply to femoral head not damaged. Fix with DHS or IM
Intra - damage to blood vessels at femoral head. Fix with total or hemi arthoplasty
What is compartment syndrome?
Pressure inside fascia increases due to injury
Decreases blood supply and necrosis
Sharp pain/numbness/lack of pulse
Diagnose with pressure monitor. Increased creatine kinase and myoglobin
Surgical treatment
What is a dislocation?
The complete separation of two articulating bony surfaces
How to treat a shoulder dislocation?
Reduction
Complications: nerve damage
X-ray to confirm reduction
Physio
How to treat a hip dislocation?
Reduce within 6hrs
Simple (without fracture) v complex
Trauma causes
Complications - damage to sciatic nerve
X-rays to confirm
Treatment: surgery, reduction
Rehab
What are the risks to all dislocations?
Tearing muscle
Ligaments and tendons
Nerves damage
Increased risk of further repeated dislocations
Advantages and disadvantages of the three imaging bone techniques
X-ray: most common. Cheap and fast.
Only 2D, not show soft tissue injuries
CT: 360 scan, 3D. Soft tissue differentiation
High radiation dose. Expensive. Less available
MRI: magnetic fields. High resolution. Soft tissue differentiation.
Loud. Claustrophobic. Time consuming. Costly. Limited availability.
Difference between primary and secondary fracture healing?
Primary - bone is v close to together and cannot form callus (often surgical intervention)
Secondary - bone is further away and can form bony callus
Four processes of bone healing?
Haematoma
Soft callus
Bony callus (calcium deposited, seen on X-ray months later)
Bone remodelling (weight through bone)
