fractures Flashcards
what is a compound fracture
- when the skin is broken and the broken bone is exposed to air
what is a stable fracture
when sections of bone remain in alignment at the fracture
what is a pathological fracture
when the bone breaks due to an abnormality
what are some terms that describe what way a bone breaks
transverse
oblique
spiral
segmental
what fractures more commonly occur is kids than adults
greenstick
buckle
salter harris- only in children
what does a colles fracture refer to
transverse fracture of the distal radius near the wrist, causing the distal portion to dispalce posteriorly
what is ‘ dinner fork deformity’ usually caused by
FOOSH
fall onto an outstretched hand
what is a scaphoid fracture caused by
FOOSH
KEY SIGN OF scaphoid fracture
tenderness in the anatomical snuiffbox
why can a scaphoid fracture cause avascualr necrossi
scaphoid has a retrograde bloody supply - one direction
cut off to the blood supply will result in necrosis
what key bones have vulnerable blood supplies
-SCAPHOID
-femoral head
humeral head
talus
navicular
what bones do ankle fractures involve
lateral malleolus or medial malleolus
type c?
above the ankle joint – the syndesmosis will be disrupted
Type a?
below the ankle joint – will leave the syndesmosis intact
what is the classification system to describe fractures of the lateral malleolus
weber
type b?
at the level of the ankle joint – the syndesmosis will be intact or partially torn
The main cancers that metastasise to the bones are
Po – Prostate
R – Renal
Ta – Thyroid
B – Breast
Le – Lung
what do fragilit fractures occur due to
weakness in the bone usually due to osteoporosis
what does FRAX tell you
pt’s risk of a fragility fracture over the next ten yrs
t score of more than -1
normal
t score of -1to -2.5
osteopenia
t score of less than -2.5
osteoporossi
t score at the hip less than -2.5 and a fracture
severe osteoporosis
first line tx for reducing fragility fractre
Calcium + VIT D
- Bisphosphonates
SE of bisphisphonates
refluc and oesophageal erosions
osteonecrosis of the jaw
1st line imaging of fractures
x rays
1st line management of fractures
closed reduction via manipulation of limn
open reduction with surgery
second principle of fracture care ?
relative stability to allow healing to occur
can use plaster cast/ screws
Possible early complications of a fracture include:
Damage to local structures (e.g., tendons, muscles, arteries, nerves, skin and lung)
Haemorrhage leading to shock and potentially death
Compartment syndrome
Fat embolism
how would a fat embolism occur following a fracture
FAT GLOBULES are released into circulation , become lodged in blood vessels and cause obstruction
gurds criteria for diagnosis
Respiratory distress
Petechial rash
Cerebral involvement
