Fracture classification and assessment (Lewis)

Question 1

What are the basic forces to which a bone is subjected

Answer 1

Tension
Compression
Shear
Bending
Torsion

Question 2

Tension

Answer 2

Produces elongation
Places with ligaments and tendons
Apophyses

Question 3

Compression

Answer 3

Short, oblique fx

bone is strongest in this mode of loading

Question 4

Shear

Answer 4

eccentric loading of bone surface

bone is weakest in this mode of fracture

Question 5

Torsion

Answer 5

Rotational forces applied to long axis of bone

Spiral Fx

Question 6

Greenstick fracture

Answer 6

young animals
Bending forces
opposing cortices involved

Question 7

Fissure fracture

Answer 7

involves only one cortex

Question 8

2 examples of incomplete fractures

Answer 8

Greenstick

Fissure

Question 9

5 complete fractures

Answer 9

Transverse
oblique
spiral
comminuted
segmental

Question 10

Transverse fracture

Answer 10

Fx is perpendicular to the bone’s long axis

bending forces

Question 11

Oblique fx

Answer 11

line runs diagonally to the bone’s long axis

cortices are in the same plane

Question 12

Spiral fx

Answer 12

line runs diagonally to the bone’s long axis

opposing fx corticies are in different planes

Question 13

Comminuted

Answer 13

at least 3 fragments

fx lines intersect

Question 14

Segmental fx

Answer 14

at least 3 fragments

fx lines do not intersect

Question 15

Diaphyseal

Answer 15

mostly cortical bone
lots of mineral
few osteoblasts
slow healing

Question 16

Metaphyseal

Answer 16

mostly cancellous bone
good muscle attachments
good blood supply/healing

Question 17

Physeal

Answer 17

Salter-harris

Question 18

What is required for a articular fracture

Answer 18

Anatomic reduction

rigid stabilization

Question 19

Displacement

Answer 19

location of the distal segment relative to the proximal segment

Question 20

Type 1 fracture

Answer 20

clean soft tissue laceration <1cm

Question 21

Type 2 fracture

Answer 21

soft tissue laceration <1cm
mild trauma
no flaps or avulsion

Question 22

Type 3a fx

Answer 22

soft tissue available for wound coverage despite vast laceration
flaps or high E trauma

Question 23

Type 3b fx

Answer 23

extensive soft tissue injury loss
periosteum stripped
bone exposed

Question 24

Type 3c fx

Answer 24

arterial supply to distal limb damaged

Question 25

zone of growth plate that physical fractures purportedly transverse

Answer 25

zone of hypertrophy

Question 26

Salter harris 1

Answer 26

straight across

Question 27

Salter harris 2

Answer 27

above

physis and metaphysis

Question 28

S.H. 3

Answer 28

lower

physis and epiphysis

Question 29

S.H. 4

Answer 29

Through

Epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis

Question 30

S.H. 5

Answer 30

Crush

Question 31

If you give a fracture assessment score of 10, is the risk high or low

Answer 31

little risk

Question 32

Buttress fragment would have an assessment score of

Answer 32

1

Question 33

compression fragment would have a score of

Answer 33

10

Question 34

Single limb injury would have a score of

Answer 34

10

Question 35

multiple limb injury would have a score of

Answer 35

1

Question 36

What size of animal would have the highest risk assessment socre

Answer 36

10

Question 37

For a fracture, what does a high score mean

Answer 37

rapid healing with less dependence on implants

Question 38

What are the treatments for low score fractures

Answer 38

buttress plate
bridging osteosynthesis
interlocking nails

Question 39

Midscale fracture score treatments

Answer 39

neutralization plate
type 2 ESF
Interlocking Nail
IM pin/Type 1 ESF

Question 40

high score fracture treatments

Answer 40

external coaptation
compression plate
Type 1 or 2 ESF
IM pin/cerclage