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surgery > Fracture > Flashcards

Fracture Flashcards

1
Q

Holstein-lewis fracture

A

Humeral shaft fracture
At the junction of middle and distal thirds
Associated radial nerve injury

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2
Q

Monteggia fracture dislocation
Hint:both bones

A

Fracture of proximal third of shaft of ulna +Radial head dislocation

Type 1-Most common(Bado Classification)

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3
Q

Galeazzi fracture dislocation
Hint:”D-both”

A

Fracture of distal third radius shaft + dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint

Fracture of necessity (reduction and internal fixation)

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4
Q

Colles fracture
Hint:”AFTER C”

A

Distal radius fracture at cortico-cancellous junction
Dinner fork deformity
Dorsal angulation and displacement
Post menopausal women
Fall on outstretched hand

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5
Q

Smith fracture
Hint:(Colles-Smith DGVF)

A

Distal radius fracture at the cortico-cancellous junction
Garden spade deformity
Volar angulation and displacement
Reverse colles fracture
Fall on the back of the hand

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6
Q

Rolando Fracture

A

Comminuted intra-articular fracture of base of the first metacarpal

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7
Q

Boxers fracture

A

Fracture through the neck of 5th metacarpal

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8
Q

Elbow fracture
In which age group are elbow dislocations most common?

A

Young adults

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9
Q

Elbow dislocation
* How are elbow dislocations classified?

A

Simple (no fracture) or complex (with fracture)

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10
Q

What are the two main types of stabilizers for the elbow joint?

A

Static (ligaments) and Dynamic (muscles)

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11
Q

What is a common way a patient presents after an elbow dislocation?

A

High-energy fall with a painful, deformed, and swollen elbow

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12
Q

Why is a complete neurovascular examination crucial during elbow dislocation assessment?

A

To identify potential nerve damage (especially ulnar nerve) and blood vessel injury

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13
Q

What are the initial X-rays required to diagnose an elbow dislocation?

A

AP and lateral plain film radiographs of the elbow

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14
Q

What is the first step in managing an elbow dislocation after examination?

A

Closed reduction (repositioning the joint)

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15
Q

How long is immobilization typically needed after a simple elbow dislocation with no fracture?

A

5-14 days (depending on practice)

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16
Q

What is a common complication of elbow dislocation?

A

Early stiffness with loss of terminal extension

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17
Q

What is the name of the most unstable elbow dislocation injury?

A

Terrible Triad (lateral ligament injury, radial head fracture, coronoid fracture)

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18
Q

What is the most common type of distal radius fracture?

A

Colles’ fracture (accounting for 90%)

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19
Q

How does age affect the risk of distal radius fractures?

A

Risk increases with age (fragility fractures) in osteoporotic bone.

20
Q

Are children at risk for distal radius fractures?

A

Yes, children between 5-15 years old are also prone

21
Q

What is the most common cause of distal radius fractures?

A

Fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH)

22
Q

Describe the mechanism of injury for a Colles’ fracture.

A

Fall forward with outstretched hand forcing wrist into supination (dorsal angulation and displacement).

23
Q

Describe the mechanism of injury for a Smith’s fracture.

A

Fall backward with outstretched hand causing forced pronation (volar angulation).

24
Q

What type of fracture is a Barton’s fracture?

A

Intra-articular fracture with radiocarpal joint dislocation (volar or dorsal).

25
Q

What are the main risk factors for distal radius fractures?

A

Factors related to osteoporosis (increasing age, female gender, etc.)

26
Q

How do patients with a distal radius fracture typically present?

A

Pain, deformity, swelling around the fracture site, possible neurological involvement.

27
Q

What should a neurological examination for a suspected distal radius fracture assess

A

Median nerve, anterior interosseous nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve function.

28
Q

List some differential diagnoses for a distal radius fracture.

A

Forearm fracture, carpal bone fracture, tendonitis, wrist dislocation.

29
Q

What are the initial imaging studies for diagnosing a distal radius fracture?

A

Plain radiographs (assessing radial height, inclination, and tilt).

30
Q

When might CT or MRI scans be used for distal radius fractures?

A

Complex fractures for surgical planning (after initial management).

31
Q

What is the priority after a trauma case like a distal radius fracture?

A

Resuscitation and stabilization of the patient.

32
Q

When is closed reduction performed for distal radius fractures?

A

For all displaced fractures to realign the bones under anesthesia.

33
Q

How are stable, reduced distal radius fractures typically immobilized?

A

Below-elbow backslab cast with follow-up X-rays after 1 week.

34
Q

What is the role of physiotherapy after distal radius fracture healing?

A

Regaining full wrist function.

35
Q

When might surgery be necessary for a distal radius fracture?

A

Significantly displaced/unstable fractures or intra-articular step >2mm.

36
Q

List some surgical fixation options for distal radius fractures.

A

Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) with plating or K-wire fixation.

37
Q

What is a potential complication of distal radius fractures with significant malunion?

A

Median nerve compression

38
Q

Fracture pattern
Transverse

A

Fracture line perpendicular to long axis of bone
Force from direct blow by moving object

39
Q

Fracture pattern
Oblique

A

Acute angle with long arm of bone

40
Q

Fracture pattern
Spiral

A

Spirally in more than 1plane
Indirect rotational/twisting force

41
Q

Comminuted fracture pattern

A

Multiple fragments
High energy injuries/force acts along axis of bone

42
Q

Segmental fracture pattern

A

Two fractures in 1bone leaving a free segment in between

43
Q

Impacted fracture pattern

A

Bone fails in depression
I.e calcenous break after a fall from height ,valgus impacted fractures of the femoral neck

44
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

Traction from a ligament/tendon/capsular insertion
Can result from explosive muscular contractions
I.e lateral band of plantar fascia

45
Q

Open fracture

A

Fracture hematoma communicates with ext/into epithelial surface

46
Q

Closed fracture

A

Overlying skin and soft tissue are intact

surgery (3 decks)

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