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PDHPE: Core 1 - HPIA > FQ2: What are the priority issues for improving Australia’s health? > Flashcards

FQ2: What are the priority issues for improving Australia’s health? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nature of ATSI groups as a group experiencing health inequities?

A
  • Shorter LE than non-ATSI
  • Higher rates of morbidity (due to SE, SC and E status)
  • Gap is large between non-ATSI and ATSI
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2
Q

Describe the trends of ATSI experiencing health inequities.

A
  • Majority of the leading causes of death for ATSI are preventable - circulatory diseases, injuries
  • Governments and communities → prevention and early intervention strategies = regular exercise and proper diet
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3
Q

What are the sociocultural determinants for why ATSI experiences health inequities?

A
  • Racism
  • Intergenerational trauma (Stolen Generation)
  • Impact access to health services + mental health = need for community groups and therapy
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4
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants for why ATSI experiences health inequities?

A
  • poor education + literacy linked to poor health status
  • poorer income = reduces accessibility of health care services + medicines
  • overcrowded and run down housing = Poverty + Spread of communicable diseases
  • poor infant diet = chronic diseases later in life
  • smoking + high-risk behaviour
  • need government and communities to provide increased opportunity for employment + proper households
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5
Q

What are the environmental determinants for why ATSI experiences health inequities?

A
  • Rural and remote areas (higher risk –> less access to health services)
  • Decreased access to tech - less money to invest + living in rural and remote areas (lower access to health information - crucial in developing prevention and health literacy)
  • detrimental impacts on: monitoring health, ensuring preventative measures are being put in place to prevent serious illnesses
  • government should provide further support in order for ATSI peoples to enjoy an increased access to facilities
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6
Q

What is the role of individuals in promoting ATSI experiencing health inequities?

A

Empowered to make better decisions about health
Seek education about health - improving health literacy = improved health choices (e.g. protective, risk)

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7
Q

What is the role of communities in promoting ATSI experiencing health inequities?

A

EXAMPLE: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO)

CLOSE THE GAP:
- Agencies: NACCHO + Office of ATSI
- AIM: stronger delivery of healthcare at a community level + ensuring sustainability - helps deliver holistic, comprehensive + culturally appropriate healthcare
- healthcare centres are large (trained staff, aboriginal health workers)

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8
Q

What is the role of governments in promoting ATSI experiencing health inequities?

A

EXAMPLE - CLOSE THE GAP:
Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
- Greater focus to delivery of mainstream health services
- Provides grants to over 200 organisations

National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health
- Agency works with families, housing, communities to improve ATSI health

EXAMPLE: $805 million for Indigenous Chronic Disease Package
Prevent, treat and manage chronic diseases

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9
Q

RURAL AND REMOTE AREAS: What is the nature of rural and remote areas as a group experiencing health inequities?

A

DOES NOT necessarily mean remoteness = poor health
- Higher mortality and illness rates
- Social isolation + lack of transport/facilities (Impacts education and employment)
- Less access to health and medical services,
- Lowered standard of health and increased risk of diseases

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10
Q

Describe the trends/extent of health inequities in rural and remote areas.

A
  • Higher death rates - CHD, transport-related accidents
  • rapidly ageing population
  • malnutrition
  • Lifestyle factors: more laborious
  • Inequitable access to health care services
  • Rates of potentially preventable diseases + avoidable hospitalisation significantly high
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11
Q

What sociocultural determinants affect the health inequities in rural and remote areas? Offer a possible solution.

A
  • Be smokers

Drink alcohol in hazardous quantities

Be overweight or obese

Be physically inactive

Lower levels of education

High BP

Social isolation

SOLUTION: Children → educated on protective behaviours

SOLUTION: Government - prevention and early intervention strategies = reduce the death rates due to preventable diseases

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12
Q

What socioeconomic determinants affect the health inequities in rural and remote areas? Offer a possible solution.

A

Lower income

Greater exposure to injury in occupations (farming, mining)

High unemployment → alcohol use

SOLUTION: Medicare facilities should be put in place in remote and rural areas = free access to healthcare e.g. bi-annual checkups

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13
Q

What environmental determinants affect the health inequities in rural and remote areas? Offer a possible solution.

A

Higher risk on the road (longer travelling distances, lower road quality)

Poorer access to health care (distance, cost of fuel, transport)

Shortage and uneven distribution of medical services in rural and remote areas

SOLUTION: Proper WHS procedures should be abided by in workplaces (however these environmental determinants cannot be greatly helped due to employment and income)

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14
Q

What is the role of individuals in promoting rural and remote areas experiencing health inequities?

A

good decision making

take responsibility for their own health and the health of others around them

remaining in school
- K-10 mandatory PDHPE curriculum
- Attend university online or rural or remote based universities (e.g. Charles Sturt)
- Improves knowledge, employment opportunities, income levels
- Help individuals make informed choices about their health and health care used

Within friends and family
- Encouraging good health choices (E.g not smoking, reducing alcohol intake → reduce risk factors to health)
Improve their health literacy → maximise their role in addressing health inequities

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15
Q

What is the role of communities in promoting rural and remote areas experiencing health inequities? Provide an example.

A

Providing relevant health care and support services
Communities have been highly inefficient
- Lack of access to facilities, technology and medical services

EXAMPLE: Multi Purpose Service Programs → connect with community services
- Development of community health centres → offer services

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16
Q

What is the role of governments in promoting rural and remote areas experiencing health inequities? Provide examples.

A

Funds many rural and remote programs to assist in the delivery of healthcare

Highly effective - funding + policies made in accordance with people living in remote or rural areas

EXAMPLE: Royal Flying Doctor Service
- healthcare clinics
- medical evacuations
- medical chests
- remote consultations

EXAMPLE: Rural and Remote General Practice Program
- Help increase number of GPs available in these areas

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17
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

disease of the arteries that can lead to angina, heart attack and stroke

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Preventing is far better than treating
GENDER: men are more susceptible than women, but there is an equal risk after menopause
BLOOD FATS: high blood cholesterol + high ratio of low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein (LDL : HDL)
BEING OVERWEIGHT: obesity - can aggravate risk factors
SMOKING: incl. passive smoking
DIABETES: high blood sugar increases risk
BP: consistently high BP with a diastolic pressure above 95 mmHg
EXERCISE: people who don’t exercise regularly

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19
Q

What is the nature of CVD?

A

CVD: chronic but preventable (modifiable risk factors)
INCLUDES: CHD, PVD (peripheral vascular disease)
atherosclerosis: underlying cause
ALL preventable - yet it is the leading cause of sickness and death in Australia
By placing protective behaviours in place, Australia can improve its health and lower the death rate

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20
Q

What is the extent of CVD in Australia?

A

Primary or main causes of death for CVD - CHD, Stroke, heart failure with CVD

Can be lowered through early intervention and prevention strategies - educating youth on practising protective behaviours (exercise every day) to reduce risk

21
Q

What are the trends for CVD in Australia?

A

CVD is the leading cause of death in Australians, despite it being preventable

Low SES being the main individuals dying due to CVD

Medicare should place health clinics and checkups in most suburbs and rural areas = allows them to have control over their own health

22
Q

What are the risk behaviours for CVD?

A

Family history (heredity)
Gender (Men)
Age
Smoking
High-fat diet
High BP
Obesity + overweight
Physical inactivity
lower prevalence through education in health literacy should be undertaken from a young age
Health clinics should be set up to aid adults

23
Q

What are the protective behaviours for CVD?

A

Stress management
Low alcohol consumption
Healthy diet (low salt, low fat, low saturated fat)
Avoiding smoking
Low fat diet
Regular PA - following NSW guidelines

24
Q

What are the sociocultural determinants for CVD?

A

Family history of CVD are at more risk
Asian people are less prone to getting CVD (generally low-fat diet)
ATSI are at more risk - lower SES + lower education
Media exposure of the effects of smoking on health
Greater focus must be placed upon education from early stages of life

25
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants for CVD?

A

Low SES/unemployed people have higher death rates (income - purchasing fresh fruit and vegetables, using exercise facilities)

Low education levels - poor education → poor health choices + less knowledge about how to access and use health services

Governments should offer more funding and educational programs/campaigns

26
Q

What are the environmental determinants for CVD?

A

People living in rural and remote areas are more at risk
- less access to health information, health services and technology e.g. electrocardiogram monitors

27
Q

What are the priority groups for CVD in Australia?

A
  1. ATSI - 2.6 times as many heart attacks as other AUS over 25, 1.7 times more likely to have a stroke

EXAMPLE: Indigenous Basketball Australia - organised by Patty Mills
- reduced risk of CVD
- increased cardiorespiratory endurance (reduce risk of heart failure)

  1. Low SES - 40% higher death rate from CVD and higher rates of stroke
  2. Rural and Remote Areas - higher burden from stroke compared with people in major cities

EXAMPLE: Integrated Cardiovascular Clinical Network - SA

28
Q

What is the nature of cancer in Australia?

A

Refers to a large groups of diseases: uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the body (2 types: malignant and benign)

SKIN: skin melanoma

LUNG: primary, secondary, tertiary

BREAST: men and women (more common in women)

29
Q

What is the extent of cancer in Australia?

A

CANCER IN GENERAL: Only major cause of
death increasing in prevalence

Lung cancer - major cause of death

Prostate cancer is increasing in prevalence - needs to be prioritised to reduce this

Skin cancer - 1 in 3 deaths in australia: decreasing prevalence

Combating cancer in young ages - Sun safe behaviours

30
Q

What are the risk behaviours for cancer?

A

Highest rate is tobacco - most implications on lung cancer
CFCs and carcinogens - CFCs have been banned
Oral contraceptives - prostate and cervical cancer
SKIN CANCER: radiation and UV
LUNG: occupational exposure to
BREAST: family history (non-modifiable)

30
Q

What are the trends of cancer prevalence in Australia?

A

CANCER IN GENERAL: Only major cause of
death increasing in prevalence

Incident and death rates may decrease if they reduce risk factors in daily lives

31
Q

What are protective behaviours for cancer?

A

Wear a hat
Wear sunscreen
10 years of not smoking → reduces 50%
Breast cancer: not drinking alcohol, eating fruits and veggies
Getting vaccinated
Limiting number of sexual partners
Reducing exposure
No exercising outside
Wearing hat, sun safe behaviours

31
Q

What are the sociocultural determinants for cancer?

A

Family (non-modifiable)
Should still increase protective behaviours
Religion
Daily spiritual experiences of less fear of cancer - NIH
Media

EXAMPLE: Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide
Increasing sun-protective behaviours from a young age with national broadcasting

32
Q

What are the environmental determinants for cancer?

A

Near a beach: more inclined to be outside = increase sun exposure → skin cancer
Rural and remote areas: higher mortality rates from less access
Technology: lack of specialists + access
Exposed to carcinogens: Working in a place (e.g. mining, construction)
Exposed to sunlight: DIY renovations and houses
Need for education: cancer council

33
Q

What are the priority groups for cancer?

A
  1. ATSI: 40% more likely to die from cancer than others, 10% more likely to be diagnosed
  2. Elderly: more susceptible to disease, 70% died due to cancer
  3. Rural and Remote Areas:
    - Higher mortality rate than other AUS for all cancers
    - Incidence is lower - less people living in these areas → less access to healthcare (therefore once diagnosed, higher mortality rates)
34
Q

What is the nature of mental health problems and illnesses in Australia?

A

MENTAL ILLNESSES: a range of illnesses - depression, dementia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse disorders

Cause suffering for those directly affected + family/carers + social network

Tends to sustain itself from childhood to adulthood - essential for education during early years to educate children.

35
Q

What is the extent of mental health problems and illnesses in Australia?

A

Prevalence of mental disorders decreased with age
2.3 million received Medicare-subsidised mental health services in 2017 (increased since 2012)
Suicide is the leading cause of death from fatal injury
Mental illness - more knowledgeable topic

36
Q

What are the trends of mental health problems and illnesses in Australia?

A

Anxiety is the most common mental illness in AUS - 3.3 million in 2017
1 in 5 individuals experiences a mental illness in the last 12 months
More Australians are utilising Medicare to assist them with their mental health and illnesses → positive.
Females > males in seeing health professional
Decreasing percentage of people seeing health professional with age

37
Q

What are the risk behaviours for mental health problems and illnesses?

A

Depression, mental illness, drug abuse, stress, negative experiences
For suicide- depression, mental & physical illness, social isolation
Homelessness

38
Q

What are the protective behaviours for mental health problems and illnesses?

A

Positive social life, positive relationships
Positive sense of self
Self-control
Good support networks
Resilience

39
Q

What are the sociocultural determinants for mental health problems and illnesses? Provide examples.

A

Exposure to drug & alcohol abuse (e.g. indigenous & low SES)
Lack of employment prospects (e.g. rural young males)
Changing family structures such as separation
Falling out with peers + exposed to bullying, are more at risk.
Reducing stigma through advertising and other media programs
Community groups → raise awareness

EXAMPLES:
Kids Helpline

Beyond Blue
- Strong partnerships with academics, governments, non-government, corporate, service providers and the community
- Promotes good mental health across a range of population groups and places in which people live, learn, work and play.

National Rugby League: breaking down the characteristic male who has no emotion
- Less stigmatised
- Support from role models
- Encourages young males to find support
- James Tedesco - offers strategies - NRL PLAYER

40
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants for mental health problems and illnesses? Provide examples.

A

Economic disadvantage
Unemployment or underemployment
Homelessness
Reduced productivity
Link between poor-upbringing and lower SES → homelessness (further harsh treatment)

41
Q

What are the environmental determinants for mental health problems and illnesses? Provide examples.

A

Rural areas: less access to mental health services + culture of a tough male → lack of support = worse mental state.

42
Q

What are the priority groups for mental health problems and illnesses?

A
  1. Males (particularly ATSI) [AIHW + Mental Health Foundation]
    - MALES: more likely to use potentially harmful coping methods - drugs, alcohol
    - MALES: less likely to talk to family or friends about mental health
    - ATSI MALES: Legacies of colonisation + ongoing trauma: dispossession from land, forced removal of Indigenous children from families, and institutionalised racism - Have enduring effects
  2. Young people (16-24) [WHO]
    - exposure to poverty, abuse, or violence → vulnerable
  3. People with a family history of mental health problems and illnesses/experienced trauma [Mental Health Foundation]
    - Trauma can make you more vulnerable
    - Directly cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
    - Misuse alcohol, drugs, or self-harm to cope
43
Q

What is the impact of a growing and ageing population on health systems and services?

A

Economic burden - by investing in improving the health of Australians (young and elderly), there will be increased access to healthcare, reducing the economic burden of funding healthcare services for the elderly (e.g. COVID)

WHO Healthy Ageing Strategy
1. Promoting good health and healthy behaviours at all ages to prevent or delay the development of chronic disease
2. Minimising the consequences of chronic disease through early detection and quality care (primary, long-term, and palliative care)
3. Creating physical and social environments that foster the health and participation of older people
4. Reinventing ageing - social attitudes must change

44
Q

Describe the nature of the health service workforce for the growing and ageing population.

A

Workforce shortage - due to the increasing demand for aged care services (as elderly require specialist care and treatment e.g. palliative care)
- COVID-19 pandemic: Outbreaks are extremely common in aged care facilities - elderly are more susceptible to extract COVID-19

Decreased volunteer rate → due to increased cost of living (PREDICTION: expected to rise, tax rates are also expected to rise)

45
Q

Describe the nature of carers of the elderly.

A

Increased stress and workload from increased demand in aged care services
- Increased cost of living → working more → increased workload + stress

COVID-19 pandemic
- Increased training needs - to satisfy Health and Sanitation Act

46
Q

Provide an example of volunteer organisations for the growing and ageing population.

A

Meals on Wheels

PDHPE: Core 1 - HPIA (4 decks)

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