FPA- Neuro Flashcards
What structure can be damaged due to the pterion’s vulnerability?
Middle meningeal artery
What are the two parts of the cranium?
Cranial vault and facial skeleton
What are the three fossa called?
Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Nothing, it is filled with fibrocartilage
What are the superficial muscles of mastication?
Temporalis, elevation and retrusion
Masseter, elevation and some protrusion
What are the deep muscles of mastication?
Lateral pterygoid, two heads, protrusion
Medial pterygoid, elevation and some protrusion
What do the sinuses drain into?
Internal jugular vein
What does SCALP stand for?
Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Pericranium
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial frontal and parietal lobes
What does middle cerebral artery supply?
Lateral surface of brain
What does posterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial and inferior temporal and occipital lobes
What cells provide insulation in the CNS and PNS?
Oligodendrocytes CNS
Schwann cells PNS
What is the function of astrocytes?
Recycle neurotransmitters, maiantain ionic composition
Which mechanoreceptors are slow adapting, rapidly adapting, highly dense, low density, superficial and deep
Merkel complexes: superficial, dense, slowly adapting
Meissner receptors: superficial, dense and rapidly adapting
Ruffini endings: deep, low density, slow adapting
Pacinian receptors: deep, low density, rapidly adapting
What supplies the basal ganglia and internal capsule?
Lenticulostriate arteries
What supplies the pons?
Pontine branches of the basilar artery
What supplies the medulla?
Vertebral artery, anterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the difference in function of the rostral and caudal?
Rostral- midbrain and upper pons, alert conscious state
Caudal- pons and medulla, motor reflexes, autonomic function
What is the name of the tracts for fine touch/vibration, pain/temperature and motor?
Dorsal column-medial leminiscus tract
Spinothalamic tract
Corticospinal tract
Where do the three tracts decussate?
DCML- Medulla (medial leminiscus)
ST- Spinal cord
CT- Medullary pyramid
What foramina do the cranial nerves exit?
Cribiform plate CNI
Optic Canal CNII
Superior orbital fissure CNIII, IV, VI, V1
Foramen rotundum CNV2
Foramen ovale CNV3
Auditory canal CNVII, VIII
Jugular Foramen CNIX, X, XI
Hypoglossal foramen CNXII
Where are each of the cranial nerves from?
CN I,II,III, IV midbrain or above brainstem
CNV, VI, VII, VIII pons
CNIX, X, XI, XII medulla
Where are motor-only and sensory-only nerve roots located?
III, IV, VI and XII are medial, IV also dorsal
VIII is lateral
How is a stroke typically caused?
Unilateral lesion
What is feedforward regulation?
Central command triggers change before change in variable
e.g. heart increased when intending to exercise
Why does the body need to regulate internal environment?
Maintains protein shape
Elements of negative feedback control?
Variable, sensor, set point, integration system, effector
What are the three types of visceral sensory receptors?
Stretch, temperature, chemoreceptors
What are the two types of stretch receptor?
Baroreceptor, change in pressure
Osmoreceptor, stretch of cell membrane
What is the size of muscles from smallest to largest?
Myofibril (cell) < Muscle fibre < Muscle fascicle (portion of muscle) < Muscle
What binds to thin actin filaments?
Tropomyosin (long), troponin (globular)
Detail the process of muscle activation by ACh
ACh released at NMJ
Action potential generated propagates over muscle surface
AP triggers Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca binds to troponin, tropomyosin removed uncovering cross bridge binding sites
Myosin cross bridges attach to myosin, allowing contraction
Ca uptaken by sarcoplasmic reticulum once AP stops
Tropomyosin rebinds to myosin
Explain single twitches, summation and tetanus
Single electrical stimulus
Staircase effect, adds on to each to get bigger response
Fusion of peaks
What are type S, FF and FR fibres?
Slow twitch, fatigue resistant, slow force
Fast twitch, fatiguable, large force
Fast twitch, fatigue resistant, moderate force
What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?
Releases energy to be stored in ATP
How is carbohydrate converted to energy?
Aerobic glycolysis 30-32 ATP
Anaerobic pyruvate to lactate, less ATP helps convert NADH to NAD+
What is the max power and max capacity comparison for creatine phosphate, fast glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis and FFA oxidation?
CP > FG > AG > FFAO Power
Reverse for max capacity
What energy source is used for short and long duration activities?
Short- CP and fast glycolysis
Long- aerobic glycolysis and FFA
What energy utilization changes over time?
Muscle glycogen used less and FA used more in prolonged moderate intensity exercise
Basal ganglia function
Allow selection of complex patterns of voluntary movement
Evaluate success of actions
Initiate movements
Corticospinal tract lesion signs
Immediately could be period of complete paralysis
Increased tone
Exaggerated segmental reflexes
Altered multi-segmental reflexes
Weakness
What are the 5 components of the basal ganglia?
Laterally: Putamen and Globus pallidus
Superiorly: caudate nucleus
Inferiorly: subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra
How to muscles react to high frequency stimulation, low frequency stimulation and total number of impulses?
HF- fast twitch
LF- slow twitch
T- Fatiguability
What is the affect of immobilization?
Slow twitch and fast twitch atrophy
Slow twitch becomes fast because of less need for fatigue resistance
At what intensity is creatine phosphate broken down more?
Higher intensity
How does glycogen and fat use change at higher intensities?
Fat less, glycogen more
In moderate intensity exercise how does glycogen, triglycerides, plasma glucose and free fatty acid use change over time?
Down glycogen and triglycerides
Up Plasma glucose and FFA
What substrate is used more in trained individuals than untrained?
Fat
What is the acronym for eye movement cranial nerves?
LR6 SO4 R3
What are the articulations of the TMJ?
Mandibular condyle against mandibular fossa and articular tubercle
What ligaments stabilize TMJ?
Stylomandibular and sphenomandibular
What does each mechanoreceptor do during manipulation and what do they respond to?
Meissner- rate of force
Transient response to skin movement
Merkel- grip force
Indentation
Pacinian- vibrations
Transient response to vibrations
Ruffini- hand posture
Sustained response to skin movement
What is the highest and lowest frequency mechanoreceptors?
Meissner and Pacinian
Which mechanoreceptor is more proprioceptive?
Ruffini
Describe somatotopic order in the primary somatic sensory cortex
Split into S1 and S2, S1 has Areas 1 to 3b
Each body part will cover multiple areas
What is the path of the middle cerebral artery?
Laterally then along the lateral sulcus
What are the LMN signs fibrillation, fasciculation and long term denervation?
Fibrillation- single muscle cell tiny contractions
Fasciculation- groups of fibres involuntarily contracting
Both signs of muscle denervation
Long term denervation- atrophy and degeneration
How do Golgi tendon organs signal when walking and not walking?
Signal load while walking and excitatory effect on extensor motor neurons during locomotion
Inhibitory effect when not walking
What are lower motoneurons and upper motoneuron signs
LMN- flaccid weakness paralysis, decreased muscle stretch reflex, fibrillations, fasciculations, flexor withdrawal reflex normal
UMN- spastic weakness, increased MSR, no signs of denervation, flexor withdrawal may be normal, reversed or absent
What does the primary motor cortex and motor association areas do and what occurs during lesion and stimulation?
PMC- activate LMN or spinal interneurons, encode simple movements and force
Lesion- weakness
Stim.- simple movements
MAA- planning and sequence
Lesion- apraxia (cannot sequence movement into patterns)
Stim.- complex movement
