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IPPA > FPA- Neuro > Flashcards

FPA- Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What structure can be damaged due to the pterion’s vulnerability?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

Cranial vault and facial skeleton

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3
Q

What are the three fossa called?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

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4
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Nothing, it is filled with fibrocartilage

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5
Q

What are the superficial muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis, elevation and retrusion
Masseter, elevation and some protrusion

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6
Q

What are the deep muscles of mastication?

A

Lateral pterygoid, two heads, protrusion
Medial pterygoid, elevation and some protrusion

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7
Q

What do the sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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8
Q

What does SCALP stand for?

A

Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Pericranium

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9
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

What does middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral surface of brain

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11
Q

What does posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and inferior temporal and occipital lobes

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12
Q

What cells provide insulation in the CNS and PNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes CNS
Schwann cells PNS

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13
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Recycle neurotransmitters, maiantain ionic composition

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14
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are slow adapting, rapidly adapting, highly dense, low density, superficial and deep

A

Merkel complexes: superficial, dense, slowly adapting
Meissner receptors: superficial, dense and rapidly adapting
Ruffini endings: deep, low density, slow adapting
Pacinian receptors: deep, low density, rapidly adapting

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15
Q

What supplies the basal ganglia and internal capsule?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries

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16
Q

What supplies the pons?

A

Pontine branches of the basilar artery

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17
Q

What supplies the medulla?

A

Vertebral artery, anterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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18
Q

What is the difference in function of the rostral and caudal?

A

Rostral- midbrain and upper pons, alert conscious state
Caudal- pons and medulla, motor reflexes, autonomic function

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19
Q

What is the name of the tracts for fine touch/vibration, pain/temperature and motor?

A

Dorsal column-medial leminiscus tract
Spinothalamic tract
Corticospinal tract

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20
Q

Where do the three tracts decussate?

A

DCML- Medulla (medial leminiscus)
ST- Spinal cord
CT- Medullary pyramid

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21
Q

What foramina do the cranial nerves exit?

A

Cribiform plate CNI
Optic Canal CNII
Superior orbital fissure CNIII, IV, VI, V1
Foramen rotundum CNV2
Foramen ovale CNV3
Auditory canal CNVII, VIII
Jugular Foramen CNIX, X, XI
Hypoglossal foramen CNXII

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22
Q

Where are each of the cranial nerves from?

A

CN I,II,III, IV midbrain or above brainstem

CNV, VI, VII, VIII pons

CNIX, X, XI, XII medulla

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23
Q

Where are motor-only and sensory-only nerve roots located?

A

III, IV, VI and XII are medial, IV also dorsal

VIII is lateral

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24
Q

How is a stroke typically caused?

A

Unilateral lesion

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25
Q

What is feedforward regulation?

A

Central command triggers change before change in variable
e.g. heart increased when intending to exercise

26
Q

Why does the body need to regulate internal environment?

A

Maintains protein shape

27
Q

Elements of negative feedback control?

A

Variable, sensor, set point, integration system, effector

28
Q

What are the three types of visceral sensory receptors?

A

Stretch, temperature, chemoreceptors

29
Q

What are the two types of stretch receptor?

A

Baroreceptor, change in pressure
Osmoreceptor, stretch of cell membrane

30
Q

What is the size of muscles from smallest to largest?

A

Myofibril (cell) < Muscle fibre < Muscle fascicle (portion of muscle) < Muscle

31
Q

What binds to thin actin filaments?

A

Tropomyosin (long), troponin (globular)

32
Q

Detail the process of muscle activation by ACh

A

ACh released at NMJ

Action potential generated propagates over muscle surface

AP triggers Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca binds to troponin, tropomyosin removed uncovering cross bridge binding sites

Myosin cross bridges attach to myosin, allowing contraction

Ca uptaken by sarcoplasmic reticulum once AP stops

Tropomyosin rebinds to myosin

33
Q

Explain single twitches, summation and tetanus

A

Single electrical stimulus

Staircase effect, adds on to each to get bigger response

Fusion of peaks

34
Q

What are type S, FF and FR fibres?

A

Slow twitch, fatigue resistant, slow force

Fast twitch, fatiguable, large force

Fast twitch, fatigue resistant, moderate force

35
Q

What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?

A

Releases energy to be stored in ATP

36
Q

How is carbohydrate converted to energy?

A

Aerobic glycolysis 30-32 ATP
Anaerobic pyruvate to lactate, less ATP helps convert NADH to NAD+

37
Q

What is the max power and max capacity comparison for creatine phosphate, fast glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis and FFA oxidation?

A

CP > FG > AG > FFAO Power
Reverse for max capacity

38
Q

What energy source is used for short and long duration activities?

A

Short- CP and fast glycolysis
Long- aerobic glycolysis and FFA

39
Q

What energy utilization changes over time?

A

Muscle glycogen used less and FA used more in prolonged moderate intensity exercise

40
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Allow selection of complex patterns of voluntary movement
Evaluate success of actions
Initiate movements

41
Q

Corticospinal tract lesion signs

A

Immediately could be period of complete paralysis
Increased tone
Exaggerated segmental reflexes
Altered multi-segmental reflexes
Weakness

42
Q

What are the 5 components of the basal ganglia?

A

Laterally: Putamen and Globus pallidus
Superiorly: caudate nucleus
Inferiorly: subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

43
Q

How to muscles react to high frequency stimulation, low frequency stimulation and total number of impulses?

A

HF- fast twitch
LF- slow twitch
T- Fatiguability

44
Q

What is the affect of immobilization?

A

Slow twitch and fast twitch atrophy
Slow twitch becomes fast because of less need for fatigue resistance

45
Q

At what intensity is creatine phosphate broken down more?

A

Higher intensity

46
Q

How does glycogen and fat use change at higher intensities?

A

Fat less, glycogen more

47
Q

In moderate intensity exercise how does glycogen, triglycerides, plasma glucose and free fatty acid use change over time?

A

Down glycogen and triglycerides
Up Plasma glucose and FFA

48
Q

What substrate is used more in trained individuals than untrained?

A

Fat

49
Q

What is the acronym for eye movement cranial nerves?

A

LR6 SO4 R3

50
Q

What are the articulations of the TMJ?

A

Mandibular condyle against mandibular fossa and articular tubercle

51
Q

What ligaments stabilize TMJ?

A

Stylomandibular and sphenomandibular

52
Q

What does each mechanoreceptor do during manipulation and what do they respond to?

A

Meissner- rate of force
Transient response to skin movement
Merkel- grip force
Indentation
Pacinian- vibrations
Transient response to vibrations
Ruffini- hand posture
Sustained response to skin movement

53
Q

What is the highest and lowest frequency mechanoreceptors?

A

Meissner and Pacinian

54
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is more proprioceptive?

A

Ruffini

55
Q

Describe somatotopic order in the primary somatic sensory cortex

A

Split into S1 and S2, S1 has Areas 1 to 3b
Each body part will cover multiple areas

56
Q

What is the path of the middle cerebral artery?

A

Laterally then along the lateral sulcus

57
Q

What are the LMN signs fibrillation, fasciculation and long term denervation?

A

Fibrillation- single muscle cell tiny contractions
Fasciculation- groups of fibres involuntarily contracting
Both signs of muscle denervation
Long term denervation- atrophy and degeneration

58
Q

How do Golgi tendon organs signal when walking and not walking?

A

Signal load while walking and excitatory effect on extensor motor neurons during locomotion

Inhibitory effect when not walking

59
Q

What are lower motoneurons and upper motoneuron signs

A

LMN- flaccid weakness paralysis, decreased muscle stretch reflex, fibrillations, fasciculations, flexor withdrawal reflex normal

UMN- spastic weakness, increased MSR, no signs of denervation, flexor withdrawal may be normal, reversed or absent

60
Q

What does the primary motor cortex and motor association areas do and what occurs during lesion and stimulation?

A

PMC- activate LMN or spinal interneurons, encode simple movements and force
Lesion- weakness
Stim.- simple movements

MAA- planning and sequence
Lesion- apraxia (cannot sequence movement into patterns)
Stim.- complex movement

61
Q
A

IPPA (7 decks)

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