Foundationtional Knowledge- The Easy Stuff Flashcards
What is ABA?
A scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant behavior and for developing technology of behavior change this is practical and applicable
What is Science?
A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world
What are three levels of scientific understanding?
DPC-
Description
Prediction
Control
What is the purpose of science?
To achieve a thorough understanding of phenomena under study- For ABA it’s socially important behaviors
Description
Systematic observations that can be quantified and classified
Prediction
Two events may regularly occur at the same time, not necessarily causation
AKA of Prediction
Correlation, Covariation
Control
Functional Relation- the highest level of scientific understanding- Manipulating IV results in DV
AKA of Control
Causation
6 Attitudes of Science/ Philosophical Assumptions of Behavior
DEER PP Determinism Empiricism Experimentation Replication Parsimony Philosophical Doubt
Determinism
Cause and effect
Lawfulness- If/Then
The world is orderly and predictable
Empiricism
FACTS
Experimental data based scientific approach, drawing upon observation
Objective quantification and detailed description
Experimentation
Basic strategy
Manipulating variable to see effects on DV
Assessment to determine if one event caused another event
All variables controlled except for DV
Replication
Repeating experiments
The method that scientists use to determine the reliability and usefulness of their findings
Makes science a self correcting enterprise
Parsimony
All simple and logical explanations must be ruled out before considering more complex explanations
Philosophical Doubt
Having healthy skepticism
AKA of Experimentation
Experimental Analysis
7 Dimensions of ABA
BATCAGE Behavioral Applied Technological Conceptually Systematic Analytic Generality Effective
Where were the 7 elements of ABA outlined in 1968?
First Edition of JABA
Behavioral
Observable events
The behavior one chooses must be the behavior in need of improvement
Applied
ABA improves everyday life of clients
Improves SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT BEHAVIORS
Also significant others
Technological
Defines procedures clearly and in detail so they are REPLICABLE
Conceptually Systematic
All procedures used should be tied to the basic principles of behavior analysis from which they were derived
Analytical
A functional relationship is demonstrated
Description when experimenter demonstrated a functional relation between the manipulated events and a reliable change in some measurable dimensions of the targeted behavior
Generality
Extends behavior change across setting, time or other behaviors
Effective
Improves behavior in a practical manner, not simply making a change that is statistically significant
AKA for Analytic
Functional Relation
Experimentation
Control
Causation
AKA for Generality
Generalization
Mentalism
An approach to explaining behaviors that assumes an inner dimension exists and causes behavior
Traditional psychology has been and continues to be dominated by mentalism
Hypothetical Constructs
Presumed but unobserved, entities
Explanatory Fictions
Fictitious variables that are another name for the observed behavior. They contribute nothing to an understanding of the variables responsible for maintaining behavior
Words that are associated with explanatory fiction include the following “knows”, “wants”, “figure out”, etc.
Circular Reasoning
The cause and effect are both inferred from the same information
Behaviorism
Philosophy of the science of behavior
Environmental explanation of behavior
4 Branches of Behavioral Analysis
CASE Conceptual Analysis of Behavior ABA Behavior Service Delivery Experimental Analysis of Behavior EAB
Conceptual Analysis of Behavior
Examines philosophical, theoretical, historical and methodological issues
ABA
Technology for improving behaviors
Behavior Service Delivery
Professional practice
Experimental Analysis of Behavior EAB
Research
AKA of Conceptual Analysis of Behavior
Behaviorism
AKA of Mentalism
Spiritual, Psychic, Subjective, Feelings, Attitudes, Processing
AKA of Hypothetical Constructs
Imaginary Constructs
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Respondent Conditioning of dogs
John Watson
First person to describe behaviorism as a formal system
Methodological behaviorism- only looks at publically observable events
Said we should study relationship between Stim and Response
Little Albert
B.F Skinner
Radical behaviorism
Includes private events in understanding of behavior
Because it was a new theory it was considered RADICAL
What were 2 main sources that contributed to Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism?
Darwinian Selectionism
Pragmatisim
Darwinian Selectionism
3 term contingency by species and survival
All forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function
Selection by consequences operates during lifetime of individual or ontogeny and is similar to natural selection in evolutionary history of species or phylogeny
Behaviors result in the best outcomes are selected and survive
Darwinian Selectionism AKA
Selection by consequences
Pragmatism
A probabilistic AB because of C philosophy
Answers how do things come to be and how can things be changed
2 Primary Types of Behavior
Respondent Behavior
Operant Behavior
Respondent Behavior
Elicited or brought out
Involuntary
Behaviors someone does not have to learn
Reflex
Habituation
AKA’s for Respondent Behavior
Reflex, Reflexive Relations, Unconditioned Stimulus- Unconditioned Response
Phylogeny
Behavior that is inherited genetically
Respondent behavior is due to phylogenic
Respondent Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
When new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents
AKA for Respondent Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlovian Conditioning
Stimulus Stimulus Pairing (S-S)
Conditioned Stimulus- Conditioned Response (CS-CR)
Operant Behavior
Emit/Evoke
A behavior probability of occurrence is determined by its history of consequences
Voluntary Action
Operants defined by function
Encompases reinforcement and punishment
Adaptation
AKA’s for Operant Behavior
Stimulus- Response- Stimulus Model (S-R-S)
3 Term Contingency
ABC
Ontogeny
Learning results from an organism’s interaction with his environment
Operant behavior is due to ONTOGENIC history
Operant Contingency
The occasion for a response, the response and outcome of response
Dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the behavior
When a reinforcer or punisher is said to be contingent on a behavior the behavior must be emitted for the consequence to occur
What is the primary unit of analysis in ABA
3 term contingency, S-R-S, ABC
AKA’s for Operant Contingency
Behavioral contingency, contingency, 3 term contingency, ABA
Contiguity
When 2 stimuli occur close together in time resulting in an association of those 2 stimuli
How does contiguity apply to respondent conditioning?
Temporal contiguity how close together in time affects the pairing of the CS and US
How contiguity apply to operant conditioning?
Temporal contiguity affects the pairing of the behavior and consequence
This is how superstitious behavior can be developed because of the temporal contiguity between a specific response and reinforcer or punisher
AKA for Contiguity
Temporal Contiguity
Respondent Operant Interactions
An experience can often include both respondent and operant conditioning that occur together at the same time
What is not behavior?
The Dead Man Test Being hungry Being anxious Getting wet Receiving money Being blown over by a strong gust
3 Principle of Behavior
PER
Punishment
Extinction
Reinforcement
