Foundational Knowledge- The Hard Stuff Flashcards
What is a response?
A single instance of behavior
Measurable units of analysis in the science of behavior
Behavior vs. Response
A behavior is a large set/class of responses that share physical dimensions or functions and a response is just a single instance of behavior
What is a repertoire?
All the behaviors that an individual can do
A collection of knowledge and skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task
Environment
Complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance
All behaviors occur within an environmental context
Stimulus
Physical events that affect the behavior of an adult
Can be internal or external
Energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells
Can occur prior to, during, or after a behavior
Can be described formally, temporally, or functionally
3 types of nervous systems
PIE
Proprioceptive
Introceptive
Exteroceptive
Proprioceptive
Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc- Balance and Movement
Introceptive
Stimulation from organs- Internal events
Exteroceptive
5 senses- hearing, seeing, touching, tasting, smelling
Stimulus class
A group on ANTECEDENT stimuli that have common effect on an operant class Tend to evoke and or abate the same behavior or response class/ can vary physically
3 types of stimulus classes
FTF- For The Fun
Formal
Temporal
Functional
Formal
Physical features
Temporal
Time
Stimulus changes prior (antecedent) and that follow a behavior (consequence)
Functional
Stimulus changes are understood best through functional
Effect of stimulus on the behavior
Multiple functions of single stimulus
Feature stimulus class
Common topographies
Common relative relations
Infinite number of stimuli
Stimulus generalization
Arbirtary stimulus class
Evoke same response but they do not share a common stimulus feature
Limited number of stimuli
Consequences
Only affect future behavior
Select response classes not individual responses
Automaticity
A person does not know what a consequence means for it to work
Operant conditioning occurs automatically
Automatic reinforcement
Reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation of others
Naturally produced sensory consequences
AKA’s for automatic reinforcement
Sensory
Self-stimulatory behaviors
Stereotypy
Automatic punishment
Punishment occurring independent of the social mediation of others
Positive Reinforcement
Present or increase intensity of stimulus that will increase frequency of behavior in the future
Negative Reinforcement
Withdraw or decrease intensity of stimulus that will increase frequency of behavior in the future
Positive Punishment
Present or increase intensity of stimulus that will decrease frequency of behavior in the future
Negative Punishment
Withdraw or decrease intensity of stimulus that will decrease frequency of behavior in the future
Reinforcement does not only strengthen rate, can also strengthen
Duration
Latency
Magnitude
Topography
A response becomes more frequency in the future if
A reinforcer or an increase in a reinforcer has followed it within 0-60 seconds in the past.
Immediacy of the reinforcer is
CRITICAL
Delayed consequences are not
technically reinforcement but can influence behavior
What does reinforcement do?
Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant
Changes what comes after behavior and before
Creates stimulus control, making responding in the presence of the SD more likely
When SD added- 2 term turns into 3 term of discriminated operant
Reinforcement depends on motivation
Unwanted effects of reinforcement
Can be temporary
Most EO’s for behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement can be viewed aversive events
Relying on contrived reinforcers
Internal motivation may be lost
Other people confusing reinforcement with bribery
5 Types of Positive Reinforcement
EATSS Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory
2 Types of Negative Reinforcement
Escape
Avoidance
Escape
A behavior allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus
Avoidance
A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus
2 Types of Avoidance
Discriminated Avoidance
Free-Operant Avoidance
Discriminated Avoidance
A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is the reinforcer
SD is a warning or signal
Ex. Checking traffic to avoid the freeway and taking surface streets
Free-Operant Avoidance
No warning
A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus
Ex. Just deciding not to take the freeway without checking traffic report
Ethical warning about negative reinforcement
Creating an aversive condition for an individual may be unethical and can bring about other challenging behaviors
Unconditioned reinforcer/reinforcement
A stimulus change that can increase future frequency of behavior without prior pairing
No learning history required
AKA’s for Unconditioned reinforcer/ment
UCR
Primary Reinforcer
Unlearned Reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer/ment
When a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers
Learning history required
Products of ontogeny
AKA’s for Conditioned reinforcer/ment
CR
Secondary Reinforcer
Learned Reinforcer
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
Doesn’t depend on MO
Less susceptible to satiation
AKA’s for Generalized conditioned reinforcer
Generalized Reinforcer
GCSR
Punishment
When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases future frequency of similar responses
Defined by function
Defined by future effects on behavior
2 term contingency- Bx—-> Consequence
Becomes 3 term when adding antecedent when occurs only in some conditions (Discriminative Effects of Punishment
AKA’s for punishment
SD-
SD p
SP
Punishment based SD
Threats are not
Punishment
Recovery from Punishment
When punishment stops effects are not permanent
Rate of behavior will increase
Unwanted effects of punishment
Society dislikes punishment
Can be temporary
People enacting procedures may be negatively reinforced
Does not address the cause of behavior
Emotional and aggressive reactions may be produced
Escape and avoidance of people implementing or settings
Imitation
Requires lots of supervision, resources, and time
Behavioral contrast may occur
Behavioral Contrast
A phenomenon in which change in one component of a multiple schedule increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component that is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other unaltered component of the schedule
Ex. Boss yells at employee- Employee working hard when boss is around and doesn’t when he isn’t
Punisher vs. Aversive Stimulus
A stimulus change that decrease the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it
An unpleasant stimulus
5 Types of Positive Punishment
ROSER Reprimands Overcorrection Shock Exercise Response Blocking
2 types of Overcorrection
Restitutional Overcorrection
Positive Practice Overcorrection
Restitutional Overcorrection
Repair environment to original state and make it a lot better
Positive Practice Overcorrection
Repeatedly perform a correct form of the behavior for a certain amount of time or number of times
AKA’s for Negative Punishment
Type II
Penalty Principle
Penalty Contingency
Negative Punishment Procedures
Response Cost
Time Out
Response Cost
Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a behavior
2 Response Cost Methods
Bonus Response Cost
Direct Fines
Bonus Response Costs
When you make additional non-contingent reinforcers available to the individual and then take those away
Direct Fines
Direct loss of positive reinforcers
2 Types of Time Out
Non-Exclusionary
Exclusionary
4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out
IWOR Ignoring/ Planned Ignoring Withdrawal of Specific Pos. Reinforcer Observational/Contingent Observation Ribbon/ Time-out Ribbon
Igoring/ Planned Ignoring
Social Reinforcers removed for a specific time
Withdrawal of Specific Pos. Rein
Taking something preferred away
Observation/ Contingent Observation
Individual is repositioned in room so they can observe but not participate
Ribbon/ Time-Out Ribbon
Colored band placed on individuals wrist
On- Can earn rein
Off- Can’t
3 Types of Exclusionary Time-out
RPH
Room
Partition
Hallway
Positive Punishment vs. Negative Reinforcement
Both are called Aversive Control
Effects on behavior; PP decreases behavior while NR increases it
Unconditioned punishers/ment
A stimulus change that decreases the freq of any behavior that immediately precedes it
No learning history
Products of phylogeny
Conditioned punishers/ment
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with 1 or more punishers
Generalized conditioned punishers
A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned punishers
Does not depend on MO
3 Step Formula to answer if a scenario is PR, NR,PP,NP
What is the Behavior?
Did the Behavior Increase or Decrease?
Is a stimulus added or taken away?
Verbal Analog Conditioning
Verbal pairing procedure whereby previously neutral stimuli can become conditioned punishers or reinforcers for humans without direct pairing
Extinction
A procedure that occurs when a previously reinforced response is discontinued so that the behavior decreases in the future
No reinforcement- Behavior decreases
Extinction is
A third principle of ABA
Not a punishment procedure
Only behavior put on extinction can be extinguished
Using extinction and punishment together is oftn effective
Unwanted Effects of Extinction
Extinction Bursts
Extinction induced aggression
Difficult to use on clients that rarely display target behavior
Difficult to know what the reinforcer is for a client’s behavior
Difficult to control reinforcer for a client’s challenging behavior
Difficult or dangerous to ignore challenging behavior
Extinction does not equal
Ignoring
Response blocking
NCR
3 types of Extinction
PAN
PR-
AR-sensory
NR- Escape Extinction
Extinction Burst
An immediate increase in the freq of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented
Spontaneous recovery
The behavior diminished during extinction process reoccurs
Not an indication that extinction was not effective
Short lived and decrease in behavior
Resistance to Extinction
Long history of reinforcement Intermittent schedule than continuous High quality reinforcer Large amount of reinforcer Response requiring little effort Number of previous extinction trials
Operant Extinction vs. Respondent Extinction
Operant- Withholding reinforcement when behavior occurs
Respondent- Involves un-pairing of a CS and an US
Stimulus Control
When the rate/frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus
Stimulus Control is acquired when
Responses are reinforced only in the presence of a SD
Not in the presence of another an S∆
Factors Affecting Stimulus Control
Pre-Attending Skills
Stimulus Salience- prominence in environment
Stimulus Salience is affected by which 2 elements
Masking
Overshadowing
Masking
Even though a stimulus acquired stimulus control over a behavior a competing stimulus can block the evocative function
Overshadowing
The presence of one stimulus condition interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced in the past
Stimulus Delta
A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has NOT produced reinforcement in the past
Not always 0 but less or of lesser value
SD vs. MO
Both occur before the behavior
Both have evocative functions
MO changes the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer
SD must be responded to more in the presence than it does in the absence
Stimulus Generalization
When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence the same type of behavior tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties
Stimulus Discrimination
Occurs when new stimuli do not evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination training
A procedure in which responses are reinforced in the presence of one condition but not in the presence of the other
Generalization gradient
A graph of the extent to which behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli
Flat Slope- little control
Increasing- more control
Concept
Concept is NOT mentalism
Product of both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination
Stimulus gen within a stimulus class and stimulus discrimination between stimulus classes needed to form concept
AKA of Stimulus Discrimination Training
Discrimination Training
AKA for Concept
Concept formation
Concept acquistion
Simple Discrimination
An antecedent evokes or abates behavior
3 term contingency
Conditional Discrimination
Sometimes it is important to know not just fine discriminations but also the circumstances under which the discrimination is appropriate
4 term contingency
Matching to sample
Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus
Identity matching to sample
Symbolic matching to sample
Stimulus equivalence
The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus to stimulus relations
A=B
B=C
A=C
3 parts of stimulus equivalence
RST
Reflexivity
Symmetry
Transivity
Reflexivity
Simple matching to sample
2 identical stimuli
A=A
Symmetry
Reversibility of sample stimulus and comparison stimulus
A=B B=A
Transivity
Critical test
A=B
B=C
A=C - This was not taught but was realized
Equivalence Class
An equivalence class results from stimulus equivalence training Set of arbitrary stimuli that don't need to have common physical properties Formed if its reflexive, symmetrical and transitive
Rule Governed Behavior
A verbal description of a behavioral contingency
Learning rules is a way that people’s behavior comes under control of consequences that are too delayed to influence behavior directly
AKA of Rule Governed Behavior
Rule Governance
Rule Control
Rules
Contingency Shaped Behavior
When a behavior is directly controlled by contingency not rules
Consequence 0-60 seconds following response
AKA Contingency Shaped Behavior
Contingency Control
MO
Alters the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus
2 Types of MO’s
Establishing Operations- EO
Abolishing Operations- AO
Establishing Operations
Increases effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcer
2 Types of Establishing Operations
Value Altering Effect
Behavior Altering Effect
Value Altering Effect of EO
An increase in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus
Behavior Altering Effect of EO
An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO
Abolishing Operation
An MO that decreases the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer
2 Types of AO’s
Value Altering
Behavior Altering
Value Altering Effect of AO
Decrease in current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimuls
Behavior Altering Effect of AO
Decrease in current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO
AKA of Behavior Altering Effect of AO
Abative Effect
Function Altering Effects
MO has function altering effects
How future behavior of a person changes because of the MO they are experiencing in the moment
Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMO)
Value altering motivating effects that are unlearned
9 Main Unconditioned MO’s
Food dep Water dep Sleep dep Activity dep Oxygen dep Sex dep Becoming too warm Becoming too cold Increase in pain
Conditioned MO (CMO)
A learned relation between the nature and value of an antecedent stimulus and the nature of a response
Surrogate MO’s
A stimulus that has acquired its effectiveness by accompanying some other MO and has come to have the same value and behavior altering effects as the MO that has accompanied it
Pairing
Reflexive MO’s
Conditions or objects that acquire their effectiveness as MO’s by preceding a situation that either is worsening or is improving
Aversive event being described in the future
Transitive MO’s
An environment variable that establishes or abolishes the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and either evokes or abates the behavior reinforced by that other stimulus
Wanting a certain object but something is blocking access to it and person needs to engage in problem solving
