Foundations to Anatomy & Physiology (Intro to Human Organism & ) Flashcards
1
Q
The structures in the body work in concert to maintain _____.
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
TRUE or FALSE. The human body is a COMPLEX system.
A
TRUE
3
Q
What is the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts called?
A
Anatomy
4
Q
What does anatomy investigate?
A
The structure of the body with correlation to related organs/systems
5
Q
What are the Greek words that form the term “anatomy”?
A
“Ana” means “up” and “tome” means “cutting”
6
Q
It is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body with correlation to related organs/systems.
A
Anatomy
7
Q
It is the scientific discipline that deals with the body’s functions and life processes.
A
Physiology
8
Q
This is the study of the organization of the body areas.
A
Regional Anatomy
9
Q
What is Physiology all about?
A
It is all about how the body and its parts work.
10
Q
Study of how each part relates to each other with regards to function.
A
Physiology
11
Q
How do anatomy and physiology relate to each other?
A
Structures determine what functions can be performed
12
Q
TRUE or FALSE. Anatomy and physiology are integrated and CANNOT BE separated.
A
TRUE
13
Q
TRUE or FALSE. Physiology started with the concept of dissection, and as you virtualize the structures, you understand their characteristics and further grasp
its functions.
A
False, it’s Anatomy, not Physiology.
14
Q
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
A
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Histology
Cytology
Embryology
Surface Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Pathological Anatomy
15
Q
What are the subdivisions of physiology?
A
Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Cardiovascular Physiology
Immunology
Exercise Physiology
16
Q
This is the study of the large structures of the human body that can be seen through normal dissection.
A
Gross Anatomy
17
Q
This is the study of the smaller structures and fine details that can be seen with the aid of the microscope.
A
Microscopic Anatomy
18
Q
This is the study of tissues.
A
Histology
19
Q
This is the study of cells.
A
Cytology
20
Q
This is the study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eight weeks in utero.
A
Embryology
21
Q
This is the study of the anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting.
A
Surface Anatomy
22
Q
The study of external features such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
A
Surface Anatomy
23
Q
Anatomy of the systems of the
body.
A
Systemic Anatomy
24
Q
This is the study of the specific regions of the body.
A
Regional Anatomy
25
Comparison of anatomic structures both gross and microscopic in different animals.
Comparative Anatomy
26
This is the study of tissues or organs based on the visualization from x-ray films.
Radiographic Anatomy
27
Anatomical study of changes in the structure, or appearance of organs or tissues.
Pathological Anatomy
28
Involves the use of x-rays, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.
Anatomical Imaging
29
What are the 2 main goals for studying physiology?
1. Examining the body's responses to stimuli.
2. Examining the body's maintenance of stable internal conditions.
30
This type of physiology focuses on the processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances, including proteins.
Cellular Physiology
31
"Within the Cell" - Physiology
Cellular Physiology
32
This type of physiology focuses on the functions of organ systems.
Systematical (Systemic) Physiology
33
"Within the Organ System" - Physiology
Systematical (Systemic) Physiology
34
This is the study of the functional properties of nerve cells.
Neurophysiology
35
This is the study of the chemical regulators in the blood and how they control body functions.
Endocrinology
36
This is the study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Physiology
37
This is how the body defends itself
against disease-causing agents.
Immunology
38
This is the study of the body’s response to physical activity.
Exercise Physiology
39
How many levels of organization does the body have?
6 levels
40
What are the 6 levels of organization in the body?
1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level
41
The smallest level of organization
Chemical Level
42
This level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine to form molecules.
Chemical Level
43
Determine the characteristics of all organisms.
Chemical Make-Up (Chemical Level)
44
What do atoms do at the chemical level?
They combine to form molecules and the molecule's structure determines its function.
45
What is the basic unit of life?
Cells
46
Smallest structures capable of living.
Cells
47
Basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.
Cell Level (Cellular Level)
48
- These are “little organs” that serve a specific purpose within the cell.
- Structures inside the cells.
- A structure within a cell that performs one or more specific functions.
Organelles
49
TRUE or FALSE. Cell types may differ but there are many characteristics in common, such as working towards metabolism.
TRUE
50
What are the 6 types of Cells?
1. Nerve Cells
2. Muscle Cells
3. Bone Cells
4. Gland Cells
5. Blood Cells (RBC, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil)
6. Reproductive Cells (Sperm, Ovum)
51
Groups of cells with similar structure and function, and extracellular substances they release.
Tissue Level
52
What are the 4 Broad Types of Tissues?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
53
What is the function of Epithelial Tissues?
Covering
54
What is the function of Connective Tissues?
Support
55
What is the function of Muscular Tissues?
Movement
56
What is the function of Nervous Tissues?
Transmission of Stimuli
57
This is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more functions.
Organ Level
58
Examples of Organs
stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney, etc.
59
What is the largest organ in the body?
Skin
60
What is the largest internal organ?
Liver
61
What are the Body's Major Organs?
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Lungs
- Heart
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Spleen
- Stomach
- Gallbladder
- Kidneys
- Large Intestines
- Small Intestines
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
62
Groups of organs contribute to a common function or set of functions.
Organ System
63
How many Body Systems do we have?
11 body systems
64
What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
- Provides protection
- Regulates temperature
- Prevents water loss
- Helps produce vitamin D
65
What are the functions of the Skeletal System?
- Provides protection and support
- Allows body movement
- Produces blood cells
- Stores minerals and adipose tissue
66
What are the functions of the Muscular System?
- Detects sensations
- Controls movements
- Regulates physiological processes
- Manages intellectual functions
67
What are the functions of the Endocrine System?
- Influences metabolism
- Regulates growth
- Controls reproduction
- Manages many other functions
68
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?
- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones
- Plays a role in the immune response
- Regulates body heat
69
What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?
- Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph
- Combats disease
- Maintains tissue fluid balance
- Absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
70
What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air
- Regulates blood pH
71
What are the functions of the Digestive System?
- Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion
- Absorbs nutrients
- Eliminates wastes
72
What are the functions of the Urinary System?
- Removes waste products from blood
- Regulates blood pH
- Maintains ion balance
- Regulates water balance
73
What are the functions of the Male Reproductive System?
- Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female
- Produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
74
What are the functions of the Female Reproductive System?
- Site of fertilization and fetal development
- Produces milk for the newborn
- Produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
75
What is an organism?
All organ systems working together.
76
What leads to loss of function?
Disruption
77
The sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism.
Metabolism
78
Type of Metabolism that means destruction or breakdown.
Catabolism
79
Type of Metabolism that means constructive processes of metabolism.
Anabolism
80
A balance in the body's internal environment.
Homeostasis
81
TRUE or FALSE. All systems are studied simultaneously.
TRUE
82
What are the 6 characteristics of life?
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction
83
Functional interrelationships between parts of organisms.
Organization
84
How parts interact to perform specific functions.
Organization
85
Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes.
Metabolism
86
The ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
Responsiveness
87
An increase in size and overall enlargement in all or part of an organism
Growth
88
Changes in form and size an organism undergoes through time
Development
89
Development begins at _______ and ends at _______.
fertilization; death
90
Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.
Differentiation
91
Formation of new cells or new organisms.
Reproduction
92
Generation of new individual
Reproduction
93
Maintenance of a constant internal environment
despite fluctuations in the external and internal
environment.
Homeostasis
94
The dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis
95
Homeo means...?
Sameness
96
Stasis means...?
Standing still
97
Measures of body properties that may
change in value.
Variables
98
Examples of Variables
- Body Temperature
- Heart Rate
- Respiratory Rate
- Blood Pressure
- Blood Glucose Level
- Blood Cell Counts
99
Changes in the body conditions are called variables because their values are _______.
NOT CONSTANT
100
The normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point.
Normal Range
101
The normal or average value of a variable.
Set point
102
The cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, unmonitored, and reevaluated.
Feedback Systems
103
2 Classifications of Feedback Systems
1. Negative Feedback System
2. Positive Feedback System
104
Produces changes in variables; detects stimuli (from outside the environment)
Stimulus
105
Detects changes; Detects stimuli from outside the environment
Receptor
106
Receives receptor signal; establishes a set point; sends a signal to effector; the brain that processes information; receives input from the receptor about the variable
("Ok, variables need correction")
Control Center
107
Such as "sweat glands"; Adjust the value of the variable and directly cause a change in a variable; targeted organ that will be part & parcel of the correction, TOWARD THE SET POINT
Effector
108
Information is sent along the efferent pathways to the effector.
Output
109
Reverses a change in a controlled condition. This means "to decrease". This is the main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation.
Negative Feedback System
110
[NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RESPONSE]
This is deviation AWAY from the set point.
Detection
111
[NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RESPONSE]
This is the reversal of deviation TOWARD the set point and normal range.
Correction
112
What is the Hallmark of the negative feedback mechanism?
Effectors stop their response once the variable has
returned to its set point.
113
This is the maintenance of physiologic core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss.
Thermoregulation
114
What is an example of a negative feedback response?
Thermoregulation
115
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the
body’s controlled conditions. Occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the
response; This means "to increase"
Positive Feedback System
116
Unable to maintain during Homeostasis (ex. Pregnancy)
Positive Feedback System
117
What type of feedback system promotes deviation from the set point?
Positive Feedback System
118
This is used to describe the body in the anatomical position.
Language of Anatomy
119
2 Basic principles of homeostatic mechanisms
1. Many disease states result from the failure of negative feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
2. Some positive feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
120
This refers to a person standing upright with the
face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to
the sides and the palms of the hand facing forward.
Anatomical Position
121
State the ANATOMICAL POSITION: Lying Face Upward.
Supine
122
State the ANATOMICAL POSITION: Lying Face Downward
Prone
123
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Toward the body’s right side
Right
124
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Toward the body’s left side
Left
125
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Below
Inferior
126
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Above
Superior
127
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Toward the FRONT of the body
Anterior (Ventral)
128
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Toward the BACK of the body
Posterior (Dorsal)
129
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Closer to a point of attachment
Proximal
130
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Farther to a point of attachment
Distal
131
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
132
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Toward the midline of the body
Medial
133
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Between two structures
Intermediate
134
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: On the same side of the body as another structure.
Ipsilateral
135
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
Contralateral
136
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Toward or on the surface
Superficial
137
State the DIRECTIONAL TERM: Away from the surface, internal
Deep
138
What are the Central Regions?
Head, Neck, & Trunk
139
Three regions of the trunk:
Thorax, Abdomen, & Pelvis
140
What are the Upper Limbs?
Arm, Forearm, Wrist, & Hand
141
What are the Lower Limbs?
Thigh, Leg, Ankle, Foor
142
How many quadrants are there in the abdomen?
Four (4)
143
What are the Four Quadrants of the Abdomen?
1. Right Upper Quadrant
2. Left Upper Quadrant
3. Right Lower Quadrant
4. Left Lower Quadrant
144
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
o Right Hypochondriac Region
o Epigastric Region
o Left Hypochondriac Region
o Right Lumbar Region
o Umbilical Region
o Left Lumbar Region
o Right Iliac/Inguinal Region
o Hypogastric Region
o Left Iliac/Inguinal Region
145
Location of Right Hypochondriac Region
Uppermost Right
146
Location of Epigastric Region
Uppermost Middle
147
Location of Left Hypochondriac Region
Uppermost Left
148
Location of Right Lumbar Region
Middlemost Right
149
Location of Umbilical Region
Middlemost part
150
Location of Left Lumbar Region
Middlemost Left
151
Location of Right Iliac/Inguinal Region
Lowermost Right
152
Location of Hypogastric Region
Lowermost Middle
153
Location of Left Iliac/Inguinal Region
Lowermost Left
154
To cut or imaginary lines
Plane
155
What type of BODY PLANE?
Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left halves.
Sagittal Plane
156
What does sagittal mean?
“the flight of an arrow”
157
What type of BODY PLANE?
This refers to the way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly
Sagittal Plane
158
What type of BODY PLANE?
This is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
Median Plane
159
What type of BODY PLANE?
Runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse Plane
160
What type of BODY PLANE?
Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal Plane (Frontal)
161
What type of PLANES OF SECTION?
Cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut
along a hot dog bun.
Longitudinal Section
162
What type of PLANES OF SECTION?
Cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting
a banana into round pieces.
Transverse Section (Cross)
163
What type of PLANES OF SECTION?
The cut is made diagonally across the long axis.
Oblique Section
164
This is any compartment or space that provides
protection to the organs within it.
Body Cavities
165
Body cavities on the posterior part of the body, which enclose organs of the nervous system.
Dorsal Body Cavity
166
This is the space inside the bony skull; Houses the brain
Cranial Cavity
167
This extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the spinal cord; and protects the spinal cord.
Spinal Cavity
168
What are the membranes that cover the Dorsal Body Cavity called?
Meninges
169
This houses the majority of the internal organs (viscera), where cavities are located anteriorly.
Ventral Body Cavity
170
More superior to the abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic Body Cavity
171
What does the Thoracic Body Cavity house?
Heart and Lungs, among other organs.
172
What separates the thoracic body cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity?
Diaphragm
173
Encloses a lung and is surrounded by the ribs.
2 Lateral Pleural Cavities
174
Separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
175
What does the mediastinum house?
Heart, Major Blood Vessels, Trachea, Esophagus, and Thymus.
176
Enclosed by abdominal muscles. Consists of the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity.
Abdominopelvic Body Cavity
177
Where is the Abdominopelvic Body Cavity housed?
Within the Peritoneal Cavity
178
Lines Trunk cavities and cover organs
Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity
179
STRUCTURE: Cover organs
Visceral Serous Membrane
180
STRUCTURE: This is the outer membrane
Parietal Serous Membrane
181
This is a fluid-filled space between the molecules
Cavity
182
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of
internal organs are in contact with membranes
called __________.
Serous Membranes
183
Lines the walls of the cavities
Parietal
184
Layer covering internal organs
Visceral
185
Named for specific cavities and organs they are in contact with.
Thoracic Cavity Membranes
186
This cavity contains the heart and is housed in the Mediastinum.
Pericardial Cavity
187
What is Pericardial Cavity filled up off?
Pericardial Fluid
188
This cavity houses the lungs.
Pleural Cavity
189
What is the Pleural Cavity filled up off?
Pleural Fluid
190
This cavity houses many internal organs (liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs)
Peritoneal Cavity
191
What is the Peritoneal Cavity filled up off?
Peritoneal Fluid
192
What do you call the double-folded sheet of visceral peritoneum?
Mesenteries
193
Inflammation of the pericardium.
Pericarditis
194
Inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
195
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
Peritonitis
