Cellular Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
The basic unit of life; is composed of a cell membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes organelles such as the nucleus.
A
Cell
2
Q
Specialized structures in each cell
A
Organelles
3
Q
This contains the cell’s genetic material.
A
Nucleus
4
Q
This is enclosed by the cell membrane or plasma membrane
A
Cytoplasm
5
Q
The outermost component of the cell.
A
Plasma Membrane
6
Q
This encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary
between the material inside the cell and the material
outside it.
A
Plasma Membrane
7
Q
These are the materials inside the cell.
A
Intracellular Substances
8
Q
These are the materials outside the cell.
A
Extracellular Substances
9
Q
Examples of Intracellular Substances:
A
potassium, phosphate, proteins
10
Q
Examples of Extracellular Substances
A
sodium and chloride ions
11
Q
What does the structure of the Plasma Membrane consist of?
A
2 phospholipid (fat) layers, which are arranged “tail to tail” with cholesterol and floating proteins scattered among them.
12
Q
What are the functions of the Plasma Membrane?
A
● Supporting the cell contents.
● Act as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and out of the cell.
● Playing a role in communication between cells.
● Helps identify the cell to other cells.
13
Q
Contains phosphorus and forms a double layer of molecules.
A
Phospholipids
14
Q
NOTE: The charged end interacts with water and the fatty acid chains do not.
A
REMEMBER THIS!
15
Q
Water-loving (soluble in water)
A
Hydrophilic or Polar
16
Q
Water-fearing (insoluble in water)
A
Hydrophobic or Nonpolar
17
Q
This floats among the phospholipid molecules and
extend from the inner to the outer surface of the cell
membrane.
A
Proteins
18
Q
A waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by
lipoproteins and gives added strength and
stability by limiting the movement of
phospholipids.
A
Cholesterol
19
Q
Glycolipids (lipids with a carbohydrate) - acts as
surface receptors and stabilize the membrane
and are common in brain cells and nerves.
A
Carbohydrates
20
Q
What are the 2 types of Membrane Proteins?
A
- Integral Proteins
- Peripheral Proteins
21
Q
Completely penetrate or extend into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal of specific molecules.
A
Integral Proteins
22
Q
Loosely attached to the exterior surface of the membrane; have various functions.
A
Peripheral Proteins
23
Q
Functions of Membrane Proteins
A
Form ion channels (integral) - most are selective;
they allow only a single type of ion to pass through.
24
Q
This transports specific substances across membranes by changing shape.
A
Carriers Proteins aka transporters (integral)
25
Attach to specific chemical signals and sensitive to specific extracellular materials that bind to them and trigger a change in a cell’s activity.
Receptors
26
Catalyzes reaction inside or outside the cell
depending on which direction the active site
faces.
Act as enzymes (integral and peripheral)
27
Distinguish your cells from anyone else’s.
Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)
28
The largest organelle and located near the center of
the cell.
Nucleus
29
"a little nut” or “the stone of a fruit”
Nucleus
30
The nucleus is bounded by _____
Nuclear Envelope
31
What does a Nuclear Envelope consist?
Consists of a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates its fluid content.
32
Formed by the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus.
Nuclear pores
33
“little nucleus”; diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane found within the nucleus; forms ribosome subunits.
Nucleoli
34
○ Has several nucleoli
○ Houses the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
○ Has 23 pairs (46) of chromosomes (diploid cell) which carries the genetic material, composed of DNA and protein (histones).
Nucleoli
35
What are the functions of the Nucleus?
● Control center for cellular operations.
● Controls synthesis of different proteins.
● Determines both the structure and functions of the
cell.
36
The living material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
37
This is the site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
38
What are the 2 components of Cytoplasm?
1. Cytosol
2.Organelles
39
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles.
Cytosol
40
How much total cell volume does cytosol constitute?
55% of total cell volume
41
Consists of protein structures that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
Cytoskeleton
42
A threadlike filament and hollow tubules that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
Cytoskeleton
43
Extending throughout the cytosol; Also involved in cell movement.
Cytoskeleton
44
Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
45
What do Microfilaments do?
○ Contribute to the cell's strength and shape.
○ Provide mechanical support.
○ Involve in cell movement (muscle microfilament).
○ Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins in the plasma membrane.
46
Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments.
Intermediate Filaments
47
What do Intermediate Filaments do?
Provide mechanical support to the cell.
48
Largest and hollow structures formed from protein subunits.
Microtubules
49
Functions of Microtubules
○ Helps movement of organelles within a cell.
○ Provide support to the cytoplasm of cells.
○ Assist in cell division (migration of chromosomes).
○ Forming essential components of certain organelles such as cilia and flagella.
50
Internal structures that perform functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism; "little organs"
Organelles
51
TRUE or FALSE. The number and type of organelles within each cell determine the cell’s specific structure and functions.
TRUE
52
The center of microtubule formation is made of microtubules and facilitates chromosome movement during cell division.
Centrioles
53
“An eyelash”; is a mobile extension of the cell surface.
Cilia
54
Numerous in the respiratory tract; helps the lungs clear of debris such as inhaled dust particles.
Cilia
55
Whiplike locomotor organelle usually occurs in one cell. Much longer than cilia and propel the whole cell
Flagella
56
“Small + Shaggy hair”; Minute finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane and abundant on the surface that line the intestine, kidneys, and other areas in which absorption is an important function
Microvilli
57
Series of membranes that extend from the outer
nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
58
A network of folded membranes connected to the
membranous nuclear envelope surrounding the
nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
59
2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Smooth ER
2. Rough ER
60
Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in membranes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
61
What does a large amount of Rough ER in a cell indicate?
Indicates that it is synthesizing large amounts of protein for export from the cell.
62
No ribosomes attached. Involved in calcium regulation, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
63
Sites of protein synthesis. Each ribosome consists of small and large subunits of ribosomal RNA and protein
Ribosomes
64
2 types of Ribosome
1. Free Ribosomes
2. Fixed Ribosomes
65
This is a type of ribosome that is scattered throughout the cytoplasm and synthesizes proteins used in the cytosol.
Free Ribosomes
66
This is a type of ribosome that is attached to the ER and proteins where they are modified and packaged for export.
Fixed Ribosomes
67
Stack of flattened membranous sacs (lysosomes) with tiny secretory vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
68
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Collect, Modify, Package, and Distribute
proteins and lipids.
69
Where is the Golgi Apparatus present?
Present in larger numbers and is most highly developed in cells that secrete protein such as those of the salivary glands or the pancreas.
70
Powerhouse of the cell; Double membrane with inner folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes
Mitochondria
71
Function of Mitochondria
Major site of ATP synthesis (produces 95% of ATP required by the cell).
72
Small, membrane-bound sacs that transport or store materials within cells.
Secretory Vesicles
73
Functions of Secretory Vesicles
○ Formed from the GA, pinch off and move to the surface of the cell accumulate in the cytoplasm, and are released to the exterior when the cell receives a signal.
○ Transport and store materials produced within cells to the exterior of the cells.
74
This is formed from the GA; a membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
75
Functions of Lysosomes
○ Remove damaged organelles or pathogens within the cell.
○ Help recycle worn-out structures
○ Can engulf another organelle, digest it & return the digested components to the cytosol.
76
Small, membrane-bound vesicles are similar to a lysosome.
Peroxisomes
77
What do Peroxisomes contain?
Enzymes Oxidases
78
What do enzyme oxidases do?
Oxidize various organic substances.
79
Functions of Peroxisomes
○ Break down of fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (byproduct of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown that can be toxic to the cell)
○ Oxidize toxic substances
80
What are the cells active in detoxification?
Liver and kidney cells have many peroxisomes
81
Tunnel-like structures, similar to channel protein, and not bounded by membranes
Proteasomes
82
What does Proteasomes contain?
Enzymes (Proteases)
83
What do Enzymes (Proteases) do?
Cut proteins into small peptides
84
Functions of Proteasomes
○ Continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged or faulty CHON.
○ Break down of proteins into amino acids which can be recycled into new CHON
85
Functions of the cell
1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. Synthesis of new molecules
3. Communication
4. Reproduction and inheritance
5. Protection and Support
6. Movement
86
MCOEMENT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE.
Cells are _________ meaning that they allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.
Selectively Permeable
87
What is found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell?
Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium (K+)
88
What is found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell?
Sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-)
89
Composed of two major parts, solutes and solvents.
Solution
90
Substances that are being dissolved.
Solute
91
Predominant liquid or gas that dissolves the solute.
Solvent
92
The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution
Concentration
93
The difference in concentration between two different areas, the ICF (Intracellular Fluid) and ECF (Extracellular fluid).
Concentration Gradient
94
What is IVF (Intravascular Fluid Compartment) occupied by?
Occupied by Plasma
95
WAYS MOLECULES PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE. Directly through (diffusion)
O2 and CO2 (small molecules)
96
Proteins that extend from one side of the cell membrane to the other
Membrane Channels
97
Bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off.
Carrier Molecules (Carrier or Channel CHON)
98
Example of Carrier Molecules (Carrier or Channel CHON)
Glucose
99
This does NOT require energy, as the substance moves across the concentration gradient. It moves from a high
concentration to a low concentration.
Passive Membrane Transport
100
Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a
solution.
Diffusion
101
Where did diffusion result from?
Results from the natural, constant random
motion of all solutes in a solution.
➔ because the particles move randomly, the chances are greater that the solute particle will move from higher toward the lower concentration.
102
A form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins.
Simple Diffusion
103
What is the energy that fuels simple diffusion?
Kinetic Energy and Concentration Gradient.
104
This is a mediated transport process, involving
membrane proteins such as channels or carrier proteins, to move substances across the cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
105
Completely spans the membrane, and allows certain molecules or ions to diffuse across the membrane
Transport Protein
106
A type of transport protein acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. Water channel proteins (aquaporins) allow water to diffuse across the membrane at a very fast rate. Ion channel proteins allow ions to diffuse across the membrane.
Channel Protein
107
This is a transport protein that opens a "gate," allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane.
Gated Channel Protein
108
This a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances.
Carrier Protein
109
Where do Non-lipid-soluble molecules (small red) diffuse?
Through Membrane Channels
110
Where do Lipid-soluble molecules (orange) diffuse?
Directly through the Cell Membrane.
111
This is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of the lower water concentration
Osmosis
112
In osmosis, water is the _______ of a solution.
Solvent
113
This is the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
114
TRUE or FALSE. The greater the concentration of a
solution, the greater is its osmotic pressure and the greater the tendency for water to move into the solution
TRUE
115
TRUE or FALSE. The greater the concentration of a solution the greater the tendency for the water to move into the solution and the greater the osmotic pressure must be to prevent movement.
TRUE
116
This refers to the pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts.
Hydrostatic Pressure
117
○ Concentration of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane
○ Does not cause a net movement of water into or out of the cell.
○ Cells neither shrink nor swell
Isotonic
118
The cell remains the same since the amount of water molecules leaving the cell is about the same as the amount of water entering the cell.
Isotonic Solution
119
This has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.
Hypotonic
120
What happens if the cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves by osmosis into the cell where the solute concentration is greater, causing the cell to swell.
121
This is a process when a cell swells enough and ruptures.
Lysis
122
The cell swelled from the influx of water.
Hypotonic Solution
123
It has a higher concentration of solutes and lower
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.
Hypertonic
124
What happens if the cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution resulting in shrinkage, or crenation.
125
This results in the efflux of water leaving the cell to shrink.
Hypertonic Solution
126
This is the movement of fluid through partitions containing small holes.
Filtration
127
This forces water across a membrane.
Hydrostatic Pressure
128
This occurs across the wall of small blood vessels, pushing water and dissolved nutrients into the tissues of the body.
Filtration
129
What are the Active Processes?
1. Active Transport
2. Secondary Active Transport
130
This is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
Active Transport
131
What does Active Transport require?
Requires energy in the form of ATP.
132
What happens if ATP is unavailable?
If ATP is not available, active transport stops.
133
What is an example of Active Transport?
Movement of various amino acids from the cell intestine into the blood
134
The malfunction of active transport leads to this genetic disorder that affects the active transport of Cl- into cells.
Cystic Fibrosis
135
This moves Na+ out of cells and K into cells
Sodium Potassium Pump
136
This involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second substance across the membrane.
Secondary Active Transport
137
The diffusing substance moves in the same direction as the transported substance.
Cotransport
138
The diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance.
Countertransport
139
This refers to a cellular process wherein large water-soluble molecules, which are typically resistant to transportation by carrier molecules, alongside small particles and complete cells, are conveyed across cellular membranes.
Vesicular Transport
140
This transportation mechanism primarily relies on specialized membrane-bound sacs.
Vesicles
141
This is the packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for import into the cell.
Endocytosis
142
What does Endocytosis involve?
Involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane.
143
This is often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.
Phagocytes (Cell-eating)
144
This is distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller vesicles are formed and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.
Pinocytosis (Cell-drinking) [BULK-PHASE ENDOCYTOSIS]
145
This is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
146
This is the release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
147
Where is Exocytosis important?
Secretory and Nerve Cells
148
This is the process of creating protein molecules
Protein Synthesis
149
This is the process whereby information stored in DNA directs protein synthesis; includes the processes of transcription and translation.
Gene Expression
150
This is the sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a protein.
CODONS
151
How many codons and amino acids?
There are 64 possible mRNA codons, but only 20 amino acids.
152
This occurs in the nucleus.
Transcription
153
This is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides.
Cell Cycle
154
The longer phase of the cell cycle. With high metabolic activity and DNA replication.
Interphase
155
What happens during Interphase?
Production of additional organelles. This is where DNA exists as thin threads of chromatin
156
What happens during the S phase of interphrase?
DNA molecules are replicated.
157
What is under the Mitotic Phase?
1. Mitosis
2. Cytokinesis
158
Steps in Mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
159
This is the formation of daughter cells from single-parent cells.
Cell Division
160
Each of our body cells except for reproductive
cells contain ________.
Diploid
161
This phase is where Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
Prophase
162
What happens during Prophase?
○ Centrioles move to the opposite ends
○ Spindle fibers extend between the centriole pairs
○ Nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear
163
This phase is where all the genetic material condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase
164
What do you call the equator of the cell?
Equatorial Plane
165
This is the shortest phase
Anaphase
166
This phase is where the centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart
Anaphase
167
What structure separates the chromosomes?
Mitotic Spindle
168
What happens in Telophase?
○ Chromosomal movement stops
○ Chromosomes uncoil (chromatin)
○ Nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form
○ Mitotic spindle breaks up
○ Cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells
169
This is the division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
Cytokinesis
170
What happens in Cytokinesis?
The formation of cleavage furrow and the Completion of cytokinesis marks the end of cell division.
