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BMS1052 > FOUNDATIONS: STRUCTURE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

FOUNDATIONS: STRUCTURE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

A collection of blood in between the dura and arachnoid mater from ruptured blood vessels passing through the dura. This can compress parts of CNS and is treated by drilling a hole in skull to drain blood

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2
Q

Where are motor neuron cell bodies located?

A

Ventral root horn

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3
Q

Where are sensory root cell bodies located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

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4
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland

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5
Q

What is the cerebral cortex and what are its functions?

A

The outermost sheet of neural tissue (functions in sensory perception, motor control, cognition)

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6
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

4 internal nuclei that form feedback circuits with the cerebral cortex- critical in motor control, behaviour switching, learning, reward

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7
Q

What is the limbic system and what structures does it contain?

A

Collection of nuclei grouped for their location rather than a function (limbus means border).
- Contains hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotional valence and importance of stimuli-reward/fear)

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8
Q

Is there a space between the dura and arachnoid mater OR between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Arachnoid and pia mater!! This is the sub arachnoid space and contains CSF.

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9
Q

What is abundant in pia mater?

A

BLOOD VESSELS

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10
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

Carry metabolic waste from brain back to bloodstream

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11
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain and what are the names of them?

A

There are 4 ventricles; 2 lateral ventricles, a third ventricle and a fourth ventricle (base of brain)

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12
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Restricting entry of macro molecules into the brain (shields brain from abnormal variations in ionic composition and potentially toxic molecules (drugs, ingested poisons)

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13
Q

What does is the blood brain barrier a result of?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells and capillaries

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14
Q

Which types of neurons regulate blood flow?

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Which structures separate blood flow between the body and brain?

A

Blood brain barrier and circle of willus

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16
Q

What is the function of the circle of willus?

A

Maintains blood flow (also with blood flow maintenance regulating pressure, concentration (CO2 O2) and pH)

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17
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

The forebrain–> medial portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobe

18
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral cortex, anterior temporal lobes, insula.

19
Q

What is an occlusion in neuroscience?

A

A blockage of a blood vessel

20
Q

What is aphasia?

A

The inability to comprehend or speak language

21
Q

What is segregation?

A

Spatial separation

22
Q

What are clusters of brain regions known as?

A

Modules

23
Q

What is functional integration?

A

Modules may be spatially separated, but they are functionally integrated

24
Q

What does the cell-attached method of intracellular recording do?

A
  • micropipette tip sealed onto the membrane

- Record single channels under patch of membrane without disrupting cytoplasm

25
Q

What does the inside out and outside out method of intracellular recordings involve?

A
  • Allows the study of single channels in isolated portions of the membrane
  • Studies how changes on intracellular or extracellular surface of membrane alter ion channel function
    (sucks a portion of membrane up -cleaves it from membrane)
26
Q

What does the whole cell method of intracellular recordings work?

A

Records currents from multiple channels at once - Micropipette and cytoplasm are continuous

(sucks up either ends of membrane)

27
Q

Which of the following processes dictate the amount of neurotransmitter released from a nerve ending on a short-term, MINUTE TO MINUTE, basis?

A
  • Vescicle recycling in the nerve ending (recylcing may or may not involve fusion with the endosome)
  • Calcium availability
  • Neurotransmitter synthesis
28
Q

Which processes are good on the LONG TERM basis in neurons?

A

Axoplasmic transport and vesicle synthesis in the cell soma

29
Q

What is the major motor protein in RETROGRADE transport?

A

Dynein (slower transport)

30
Q

If you are bitten by a dog with rabies, what happens?

A

The rabies virus travels retrogradedly back along the motor neurons–>spinal cord–> brain and then kills neurons- also affects other neurons because they are all interconnected

31
Q

What does the axon terminal contain?

A
  • Internal vesicles containing neurotransmitter
  • protein dense
  • ## lots of mitochondria
32
Q

What does the axon terminal NOT contain?

A
  • NO MICROTUBULES
33
Q

What are neurites?

A
  • Extensions from the cell body

dendrites and axons

34
Q

Do microtubules and microfilaments change shape in dendrites and axons?

A

Their length is relatively stable however in mature neurons microtubules and microfilaments are dynamic so you can retract old ones and extend new ones (axons/dendrites)

35
Q

What are mircotubules?

A

Longditudinally down neurites (axons and dendrites)

- Mediate intracellular transport

36
Q

What do MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins) do?

A

Regulate microtubules assembly and function

- Help implicated in ALzhimers disease (tau acculmulates and could make microtubules tangle)

37
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

Provide strucutral support

- Regulate diameter of axons

38
Q

What are microfilaments composed of ?

A

Actin molecules

- Linked to microtubules and membrane

39
Q

What does the fact that dendrites have ribosomes under spines suggest?

A
  • Info received at the synapse can control protein synthesis
  • Could be mechanism underlying memory
40
Q

What constrains a neurons function?

A

Its dendritic arbour (tree)

41
Q

What are golgi type one neurons?

A

(projection neurons) - have long axons that extend from one part of the brain to the other e.g. pyramidal cells

42
Q

What are golgi type II neurons?

A

Neurons that have short axons that do not extend beyond vicinity of the cell body (local circuit neurons)

BMS1052 (14 decks)

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