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ABA terms > Foundations Concepts And Principles Of Behavior Analysis > Flashcards

Foundations Concepts And Principles Of Behavior Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior

A

Behavior is everything that an organism does. The interaction of the muscles, glands or other parts of a live organism with the environment

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2
Q

Public behavior

A

Behavior that can be observed by others even though special instrumentation may be required at times

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3
Q

Private behavior

A

Behavior that cannot be observed by others; it is only accessible to the organism who was engaging in the private event

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4
Q

Response

A

A specific instance of behavior

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5
Q

Response cycle

A

The beginning, middle, and end of a response

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6
Q

Property

A

A fundamental quality of a natural phenomenon

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7
Q

Fundamental properties

A

Temporal Locus, temporal extent, repeatability

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8
Q

Temporal locus

A

A single response occurs in time

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9
Q

Temporal extent

A

A response occupies time

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10
Q

Repeatability

A

A response can reoccur

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11
Q

Dimensional quantities

A

The quantifiable aspect of a property

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12
Q

Latency

A

The amount of time between a stimulus and response

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13
Q

Duration

A

The amount of time between the beginning and the end of a response cycle

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14
Q

Countability

A

The number of responses or number of cycles of the response class

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15
Q

Inter-response time (IRT)

A

The time between two successive responses

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16
Q

Rate

A

The ratio of the number of responses over some period of time

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17
Q

Celleration

A

Change in rate overtime

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18
Q

Topography

A

Configuration, form, or shape of a response

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19
Q

Function

A

The effects or results of a response on the environment

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20
Q

Response class

A

A grouping of individual actions or responses that share those commonalities included in the class definition

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21
Q

Topographical response class

A

A collection of two or more responses which share a common form

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22
Q

Functional response class

A

A collection of two or more topographically different responses that all have the same effect on the environment, usually producing a specific class of reinforcers

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23
Q

Environment

A

The total constellation of stimuli and conditions which can affect behavior

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24
Q

Environmental context

A

Consist of the situation (set of circumstances) in which behavior occurs at any given time

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25
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment which can affect behavior

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26
Q

Antecedent

A

A stimulus which precedes occurs before a response

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27
Q

Consequence

A

A stimulus which follows a response

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28
Q

Stimulus class

A

A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions

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29
Q

Functional relation

A

Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class

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30
Q

Science

A

A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world

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31
Q

Goals of science

A

Prediction and control

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32
Q

Natural science

A

Empirical phenomena; direct observation and measurement of phenomena or it’s permanent products

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33
Q

Social science

A

Hypothetical construct southside of the natural realm; indirect observation and measurement

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34
Q

Philosophical assumptions

A

Determinism, empiricism, parsimony, philosophical doubt, pragmatism, experimentation

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35
Q

Determinism

A

The universe is a lawful an orderly place

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36
Q

Empiricism

A

Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior

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37
Q

Experimentation

A

Systematic manipulation of an independent variable

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38
Q

Replication

A

Repeating any part of an experiment

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39
Q

Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

A

Parsimony

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40
Q

Philosophical doubt

A

Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact

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41
Q

Pragmatism

A

Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

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42
Q

Behaviorism

A

The philosophy or worldview underlying behavior analysis. Posits that behavior is the subject matter of our science

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43
Q

Radical behaviorism

A

Skinners philosophy of the science of human behavior. Most influential type of behavior is in for guiding the science and practice of behavior analysis

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44
Q

Determinants of behavior

A

Causes of behavior; probabilistic

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45
Q

Selection

A

The process in which repeated cycles occur of variation, interaction with the environment, and differential replication as a function of the interaction

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46
Q

Cultural selection

A

Cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group

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47
Q

Temporal contiguity

A

The nearness of events in time

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48
Q

Contingency

A

A dependency between events

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49
Q

Types of contingencies

A

SS contingencies (pairing)
RS contingencies
SRS contingencies, the three term contingency

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50
Q

Basic operations

A

Direct observation, repeated measures, graph data, manipulation, systematic evaluation, analysis and interpretation

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51
Q

Consequential operation (+)

A

Contingently present a stimulus immediately after the response

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52
Q

Consequential operation (-)

A

Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response

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53
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in the behavior as a result of experience

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54
Q

Reflex

A

A simple relation between an antecedent stimulus and a reflex response

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55
Q

Elicit

A

To strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke

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56
Q

Unconditioned reflex

A

A simple relation between a specific stimulus and the specific innate, involuntary response

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57
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning

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58
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

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59
Q

Habituation

A

A temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

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60
Q

Adaptation

A

A reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context

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61
Q

Potentiation

A

A temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus

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62
Q

Sensitization

A

The tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus

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63
Q

Respondent conditioning

A

A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedures in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response

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64
Q

Conditioned reflex

A

A simple relation between a specific condition to stimulus and the conditioned involuntary response

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65
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus which has no eliciting effect on behavior prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus or other condition stimulus

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66
Q

Condition stimulus

A

A stimulus which elicits a conditioned response due to prior learning; that is due to ontogenic provenance

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67
Q

Conditioned response

A

A response which is elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to prior learning

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68
Q

Short delay conditioning

A

The onset of the CS must come first, before the onset of the US; very effective

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69
Q

Long delay conditioning

A

The onset of the CS must come first, before the onset of the US; usually effect

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70
Q

Trace conditioning procedure

A

The offset of the CS must come before the onset of the US; sometimes effective

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71
Q

Simultaneous conditioning procedure

A

CS and US occur at the same time; usually not effective

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72
Q

Backward conditioning procedure

A

The onset of the US must come before the onset of the CS; almost always ineffective

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73
Q

A neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus rather than a US

A

Higher order conditioning

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74
Q

Respondent extinction

A

The process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with the US

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75
Q

Respondent spontaneous recovery

A

The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned reflex

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76
Q

Respondent stimulus generalization

A

The spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus

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77
Q

Phylogenic provenance

A

The effect of a stimulus on a specific response may be innate, due to the evolutionary history of that species

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78
Q

Ontogenic Provenance

A

The effect of the stimulus on a specific response may be learned, due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment

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79
Q

The law of effect

A

Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

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80
Q

Edward Lee Thorndike

A

Discovered the law of effect

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81
Q

BF Skinner

A

Discovered EAB, operant chamber, principles of operant conditioning, radical behaviorism, analysis of verbal behavior, the cumulative recorder, programmed instruction

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82
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences

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83
Q

Operant selection

A

This process of behavioral variability, selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organisms life time

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84
Q

Simplest type of operant contingency

A

Response stimulus or RS

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85
Q

Reinforcement

A

Environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

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86
Q

Punishment

A

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions

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87
Q

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added or magnified following a response, that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response

A

Positive reinforcement

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88
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted or attenuated following a response, and which increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

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89
Q

S R+

A

Unconditioned positive reinforcement

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90
Q

S r+

A

Conditioned positive reinforcement

91
Q

S R-

A

Unconditioned negative reinforcement

92
Q

S r-

A

Conditioned negative reinforcement

93
Q

S P+

A

Unconditioned positive punishment

94
Q

S p+

A

Conditioned positive punishment

95
Q

S P-

A

Unconditioned negative punishment

96
Q

S p-

A

Conditioned negative punishment

97
Q

Extinction

A

The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

98
Q

Automaticity

A

Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness

99
Q

Premack principle

A

If the opportunity to engage in a preferred or high probability behavior is made contingent on engaging in a less preferred behavior, the future duration or frequency of the less preferred behavior will increase

100
Q

Reinforcer

A

A stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response

101
Q

Unconditioned reinforcer

A

Stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning

102
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but requires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcer’s or powerful conditioned reinforcers

103
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A

A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors

104
Q

Escape

A

Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus

105
Q

Avoidance

A

Terminate a warning stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus

106
Q

Warning stimulus

A

A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus

107
Q

Unsignaled avoidance

A

No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event

108
Q

Automatic reinforcement

A

The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence, that is the consequence is not mediated by another person

109
Q

Socially mediated reinforcement

A

The consequence is mediated by another person

110
Q

Planned reinforcement

A

A person explicitly arranged the contingency

111
Q

Unplanned reinforcement

A

The contingency was not explicitly arranged

112
Q

Operant extinction

A

The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement

113
Q

Operant spontaneous recovery

A

The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction

114
Q

Resurgence

A

The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior

115
Q

Unconditioned punisher

A

A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any learning

116
Q

Conditioned punisher

A

Stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditional punishers or powerful conditioned punishers

117
Q

Positive punishment

A

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response

118
Q

Negative punishment

A

Environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted or attenuated following response, which decreases the future frequency of that response

119
Q

Timeout from positive reinforcement

A

A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access reinforcers

120
Q

Recovery from punishment

A

The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment

121
Q

Stimulus control

A

A group of stimuli in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of the behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus

122
Q

Unconditioned motivating operations

A

A motivating operation whose value altering effect does not depend on a learning history

123
Q

Conditioned motivating operations

A

A motivating operation whose value altering effect depends on a learning history

124
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

An antecedent stimulus which evokes or abates a specific behavior, due to a past history of differential availability of reinforcement or punishment for that behavior, depending on their presence versus their absence

125
Q

Motivating operation

A

An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event

126
Q

Operant conditioning

A

The basic process by which operant learning occurs

127
Q

Evoke

A

Behavior is likely to occur now, under the current conditions

128
Q

Abate

A

Behavior is not likely to occur under the current conditions

129
Q

Differential reinforcement

A

Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension and placing all of the responses in the class on extinction

130
Q

Differentiation

A

When differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing some responses and not reinforcing other responses

131
Q

Discrimination

A

When differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing the same response when the stimuli are not present

132
Q

Discriminative control

A

The tendency of behavior to occur more frequently in the presence of a particular stimulus because the behavior has been reinforced only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus

133
Q

Discriminated operant

A

An operant class that is established through the process of differential reinforcement with respect to the presence or absence of antecedent stimuli

134
Q

S D for SR

A

Discriminative stimulus for reinforcement; evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has been reinforced in his presence

135
Q

S delta for no SR

A

Discriminative stimulus for extinction; abates behavior because in the past that behavior has not been reinforced in its presence

136
Q

S DP for SP

A

Discriminative stimulus for punishment; abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence

137
Q

S delta P for no SP

A

Discriminative stimulus for withholding punishment; evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has not been punished in his presence

138
Q

S DR+

A

Discriminative stimulus for positive reinforcement

139
Q

S DR-

A

Discriminative stimulus for negative reinforcement

140
Q

S delta R+

A

Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement

141
Q

S delta R-

A

Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement

142
Q

S DP+

A

Discriminative stimulus for positive punishment

143
Q

S DP-

A

Discriminative stimulus for negative punishment

144
Q

S delta P+

A

Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of positive punishment

145
Q

S delta P-

A

Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of negative punishment

146
Q

Conditional discrimination

A

A discrimination in which reinforcing a response is contingent on another stimulus

147
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency of a learned response to occur in the presence of stimuli which were not present during training but which either have some similar physical properties to the SD or have been associated with the SD

148
Q

Evocative effect

A

An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

149
Q

Value altering effect

A

An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation

150
Q

Abative effect

A

A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

151
Q

Behavior altering effect

A

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation

152
Q

Establishing operation

A

A motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer

153
Q

Abolishing operation

A

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus, object, or event

154
Q

Omnibus terms

A

Cover various functions of stimuli; used to categorize stimuli that have multiple functions

155
Q

Aversive stimulus

A

Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates.
Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset.
Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset.
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses

156
Q

Appetitive stimulus

A

Its onset strengthens behavior that proceeds its onset.
Its offset weakens behavior that proceeds its offset.
It abates behavior that removes it.
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses

157
Q

Behavior chain

A

A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain

158
Q

Chained schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered

159
Q

Induction

A

The spread of the effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of an operant class

160
Q

Shaping

A

The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

161
Q

Shaping across topographies

A

The terminal target response is a distinct topography than the response that is currently occurring

162
Q

Shaping within topographies

A

The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration

163
Q

Parameters of reinforcement

A

Magnitude, quantity, duration

164
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

A schedule of reinforcement is the rule which describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not

165
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Each and every single response that is emitted is reinforced; that is, reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs; used to establish or strengthen behavior

166
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Some responses are reinforced and some are not; used to maintain already established behavior

167
Q

Ratio

A

Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses

168
Q

Interval

A

Reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement

169
Q

Fixed

A

The number of responses, or amount of time, remains the same

170
Q

Variable

A

The number of responses, or amount of time, is random, but centers around a particular value

171
Q

Limited hold

A

A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement

172
Q

FR schedules

A

All or none schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a burst in responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule

173
Q

VR schedules

A

Produce steady and high rates of responding

174
Q

Ratio strain

A

A behavioral effects associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules

175
Q

FI schedules

A

Scalloped; produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at the time closest to reinforcement

176
Q

VI schedules

A

Produce steady, low to moderate rates of responding

177
Q

Time-based schedules

A

A preferred stimulus is delivered at a point in time without a response requirement

178
Q

Differential reinforcement of a high rate of responding (DRH)

A

Reinforcement occurs if and only if the rate of response is equal to or greater than a specified value

179
Q

DRH-IRT schedules

A

The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses

180
Q

Concurrent schedules

A

Consists of two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response

181
Q

Multiple schedule

A

Consists of two or more alternating schedules, each associated with a different stimulus

182
Q

Mixed schedule

A

The same as a multiple schedule except there are no different stimuli associated with each component schedule

183
Q

Tandon schedules

A

No discriminative stimuli in the links of the chain

184
Q

A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

A

Behavioral contrast

185
Q

Matching law

A

The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement

186
Q

Verbal behavior

A

Operant behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons

187
Q

Elementary verbal operants

A

Tact, mand, duplic, Codic intraverbal

188
Q

Tact

A

Under the antecedent control of a non-verbal stimulus

189
Q

Mand

A

Under the antecedent control of an establishing operation

190
Q

Duplic

A

Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli with point-to-point correspondence and with formal similarity to the response

191
Q

Types of duplic

A

Echoics, copying text, mimetics

192
Q

Echoic

A

The repeating of a vocal verbal unit

193
Q

Copying a text

A

Has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity to the written verbal stimulus

194
Q

Mimetic

A

The imitation of a physical movement that is also a nonvocal verbal unit

195
Q

Codic

A

Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli with point to point correspondence but without formal similarity

196
Q

Intraverbal

A

Under the antecedent control a verbal stimuli without point to point correspondence and with no formal similarity

197
Q

Receptive language

A

Under the antecedent control of a mand to comply

198
Q

Selection based verbal behavior

A

The speaker selects a stimulus in the environment by pointing or finding a picture and handing it to the listener

199
Q

Topography based verbal behavior

A

The listener discriminates what the speaker is saying based on the topography of the verbal behavior

200
Q

Higher order class

A

An operant class that includes within it other classes that can themselves function as operants

201
Q

Rule governed behavior

A

A higher order operant response class that is under the control of verbal antecedent stimuli

202
Q

Function altering effects of rules

A

Alter the evocative or abative effects of other antecedent stimuli

203
Q

Contingency shaped behavior

A

Behavior acquired via immediate reinforcement contingencies

204
Q

Domains of behavior analysis

A

EAB, ABA, behavior analysis service delivery, conceptual analysis of behavior

205
Q

Experimental analysis of behavior

A

Basic research; provides the scientific method for studying behavior by using cumulative records, manipulation of variables, and automated recording

206
Q

Applied behavior analysis

A

Applied research that applies the basic principles derived from EAB to solve problems of social significance

207
Q

ABA practice

A

To help other persons to achieve their outcomes with the implementation of procedures validated by ABA researchers to make a difference in peoples lives

208
Q

Methodologies of EAB

A

Direct, repeated measurements of behavior.
Rate of response as the basic datum.
Visual inference with graphing.
Within subject comparisons.

209
Q

Seven dimensions of ABA

A

Applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptually systematic, effective, generality

210
Q

Applied

A

The implementation of basic principles to change behaviors of significance to clients

211
Q

Behavioral

A

Directly observed and measured

212
Q

Analytic

A

Seeks to identify functional relations between manipulated environmental events and behavior through systematic and controlled manipulations

213
Q

Technological

A

Procedures are completely identified, and precisely described and defined

214
Q

Conceptually systematic

A

Procedures are linked to, and described in terms of, the basic principles of behavior

215
Q

Effective

A

And accountable discipline in which changes in procedure are databased

216
Q

Generality

A

Behavior changes achieved should maintain, transfer to other settings and situations, and spread to other behaviors

217
Q

Conceptual analysis

A

Deals with philosophical and theoretical issues

218
Q

Behavioral technology

A

A set of assessment and behavior change procedures validated by ABA researchers

219
Q

Environmental explanations

A

Past and current behavior is explained as a function of environmental contingencies

220
Q

Explanatory fictions

A

Mentalistic explanations, teleological explanations

221
Q

Mentalistic explanations

A

Explain behavior by referring to hypothetical constructs from a dimension that is inferred to be inside the organism

222
Q

Mentalisms

A

Summary labels of behavior and other hypothetical constructs are used to explain behavior. Such as traits, states, attitudes, diagnostic categories

223
Q

Behavior analysis

A

A natural science that studies functional relations between behavior and environmental events

ABA terms (4 decks)

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