Foundations Flashcards
1
Q
the social science that focuses on the mind, and an individual’s internal thoughts and motivations for action is ___
A
psychology
2
Q
the social science that focuses on questions of ancestry, history of society, and how labor is related to culture is ___
A
anthropology
3
Q
Although the different social sciences have different areas of focus, they all have in common that ____
A
1.they study society and human being
2.they use facts and systematic observation
4
Q
the social science that focuses on how the physical environment and available resources influences society is ___
A
geography
5
Q
the social science that focuses on questions of leadership, social institutions, and how power is exercised in a society is ____
A
political science
6
Q
the social science that focuses on questions of forms of identity (race, gender, etc) and the influence of other people is ___
A
sociology
7
Q
what makes “social sciences” SIMILAR to the “natural sciences”?
A
both are rigorous and scientific
8
Q
what makes “social sciences” DIFFERENT from the “natural sciences”?
A
the social sciences study human society
9
Q
the main focus of sociology is ___
A
to study how people affect and are affected by social structures and social processes
10
Q
what do ethnic minorities, religious minorities, and LGBTQ people have in common?
A
they stand outside the center of power in our society and are often marginalized
11
Q
sociologists define “society” as ___
A
a group of people who share a culture and territory
12
Q
when people negatively judge people who use non-standard English accents they are demonstrating what kind of power inequality?
A
cultural
13
Q
the ability to see how individuals and their behaviors make up part of a larger social pattern is ___
A
sociological imagination
14
Q
sociology emerged in the late 1800s as Europe and the US were going through rapid social changes because of?
A
Industrial Revolution
15
Q
___ involves the ability to look at the social world from different perspectives?
A
sociological imagination
16
Q
a key concept in sociology is social location, defined as ___
A
the position an individual has in the social hierarchy
17
Q
sociology is defined as the study of
A
society and human behavior
18
Q
sociology was founded in the late 1800s and early 1900s when the study of ___ became a special interest
A
the Industrial Revolution
19
Q
sociologists who use the ___ theoretical framework would focus on how the different districts are necessary and essential
A
structural-functionalism
20
Q
who are involved in the conflict theory?
A
1.W.E.B. Du Bois
2.Harriet Martineau
3.Karl Marx
21
Q
the theoretical paradigm most closely associated with the “macro” scale is
A
structural-functionalism
22
Q
the theoretical paradigm that sees society as a product of everyday interactions is
A
symbolic interactionism
23
Q
an underlying assumption in conflict theory is that
A
society is composed of different groups who struggle for scarce resources
24
Q
___ sees Panem held together by coercion. The Capitol exploits the districts for economic benefits
A
conflict theory
25
questions that look at society at the "micro" level includes questions like?
do doctors talk to patients of different races differently
26
a researcher who is studying issues within a local school districts realize the issues are happening everywhere. he is connecting __ problems to __ social phenomena
micro; macro
27
the theoretical paradigm that sees society as complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order is?
structural-functionalism
28
theoretical paradigms are __
fundamental assumptions sociologists have about the social world to guide their thinking and reasoning
29
the type of sociological inquiry that focuses on the meanings that people attach to their social world is ___
interpretive sociology
30
the type of sociological inquiry that focuses on the need for social change ___
critical sociology
31
the philosophy known as "positivism" assumes that
the social world can be studied through direct observation to develop theories about how the world works
32
sociologist using economic statistics to try to understand and explain the income distribution in America is doing
positive sociology
33
how is sociology different from commonsense understandings of the social world
sociology is systematic and rigorous; common sense is not
34
___ are sets of interrelated ideas that successfully explain a wide range of phenomena, deal with critically important issues, and have stood the test of time
theories
35
if a sociologist is doing research based on face-to-face interviews trying to understanding how people understand their lived experiences, they are doing ___
interpretive sociology
36
the Hawthorne effect illustrates what limitation of positive sociology?
people may alter their behavior if they know they're being observed
37
which of the following is NOT a part of the scientific method
seek to confirm previously held beliefs or "prove" a particular condition
38
if you were going to use scientific methods to determine whether Santa Claus is real, you should ___
seek to find evidence that he does not exist
39
a statement that is said to be inherently true, is irrefutable, or that cannot be tested is NOT a scientific theory (T/F)
True
40
According to Karl Popper, the important distinction between Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud was ___
that Einstein was looking ahead to make predictions about future events
41
According to Karl Popper, good science relies on the principle of falsification. This means that ___
scientific theories must be stated in such a way that makes explicit what facts would disprove them
42
scientific thinking requires that if you discover evidence that contradicts a previously held belief or assumption, then you ___
should revise your beliefs and accept thew new information
43
according to his criteria, Karl Popper would call sociology a pseudoscience (T/F)
false
44
according to Karl Popper, science (unlike pseudoscience) is based on __
falsification, testing hypothesis in ways that allow them to be refuted
45
the concept of the reproducible experiment means that ___
anyone should be able to reproduce the same research findings if they use the same methods
46
the scientific principle of "falsifiability" means that if a claim made by scientists is contradicted by an important personality on social media, then the scientific claim has been "falsified" and can be discarded
false
47
when we say that "science" is both a historical and social concept, we mean that ___
contemporary ideas and norms about what constitutes "scientific" knowledge are new and largely a product of modernity
48
which of the following is NOT one of the five "big questions" that science seeks to answer?
why are we here?
49
different cultures and societies (across time/space) have had their own ideas about and social norms for what constitutes "science" (T/F)
true
50
the latin slogan nullius in verba means
that we shouldn't believe someone just because they say it's true, but should test each new claim or hypothesis ourselves
51
empirical science is the only legitimate way to establish what is "true" about the important questions of life (T/F)
false
52
the chief methods that define "science" as a way of creating knowledge includes ___
observation/experimentation
53
the type of analysis that starts with empirical observations, finds patterns, and develops theories to explain those patterns is based on ___
inductive logical thought
54
the measures of a variable are RELIABLE if ___
they give consistent measures, regardless of who is collecting the data
55
an important first step in developing a research question is ___
to clearly define the major concepts
56
Joe believes as an individual's educational attainment rises, so does his or her income. This is an example of ___
hypothesis
57
Survey research relies on samples, which are ___
a smaller group that is representative of the larger population
58
defining a variable and explaining how it is measured is known as ___
operationalization
59
if I say that I observe a correlation between two variables, I mean that ___
the two variables move together
60
the measure of a variable are VALID if ___
they reflect the underlying concept you're trying to measure
61
an example of participant observation would be ___
Mary who visits a first grade classroom and have active participation
62
a hypothesis is ___
a statement of a possible relationship between two variables
63
the ethical principle of "informed consent" means that ___
the information about a study must be presented in a way that the potential subject can understand; subjects must receive all the facts relevant to their decision
64
the principle of "beneficence" dictates that ___
the potential risks of participating in a study should be outweighed by benefits to participant and society
65
why were Nuremberg Code developed?
the use of human experiments in concentration camps by Nazi
66
what do you need to study children?
1. provide age-appropriate explanations to children
2. get parent consent
3. get children consent
67
most universities and research institutions operate under an ___that ensures human subjects research complies with ethical guidelines for date collection
institutional review board
68
what does it mean that the human subjects must be voluntary?
participates freely participate in study and can back out whenever
69
the Tuskegee experiment violated ethic codes because?
it lacked informed consent
70
Durkheim is a founding figure of what sociological paradigm?
structural-functionalism
71
according to Durkheim, crime __
is not a social dysfunction, since every society has some amount of crime
72
Durkheim saw society as an __
organism, with parts that served different functions
73
the collection of all beliefs, moral, and ideas that are the "social facts" in a given society is known as ___
collective consciousness
74
Durkheim was concerned with macro-level phenomena, such as the educational system, which he referred to as ___
social facts
75
Christmas is a "social fact" in the US because ___
it shapes our behavior, such as gift-buying, even if we aren't religious
76
Durkheim analyzed the social changes transforming society in his lifetime in terms of
the division of labor
77
the major cause of suicide, according to Durkheim, was
lack of social integration due to rapid modernization
78
when an individual is confused and/or unsure of the social norms to follow, they fit with Durkheim's definition of experiencing ___
anomie
79
Durkheim defined "social facts" as
broad patterns of behavior that are external to the individual, but shape every individual's behavior
80
in sociology, Marx is a founder of the conflict theory perspective because he saw society as defined by __
conflict between those who benefitted from the relations of production (rich) and those who were exploited (poor)
81
the main emphasis of Karl Marx was to understand how social changes was driven by ___
changes in material conditions, such as the economy
82
Marx emphasized different elements of production (the economy). The "relations" of production include __
how people organize themselves around labor
83
according to Marx, humans need society in order to survive and prosper in the natural world. But society tends to be organized in ways that ___
produce economic inequalities
84
Marx emphasized different elements of production (the economy). The "forces" of production include ___
the technical, scientific, and material parts of the economy
85
according to Marx, the underlying criticism of capitalism as a mode of production is that ___
the wages paid to workers is always lower than the values of the goods they produce
86
a key dilemma for Marxist theory is how the rich manages to stay in power when the poor is the majority. Italian theorist Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of "hegemony" to suggest that __
capitalism is supported by a dominant, all-pervasive cultural set of ideas that legitimizes the capitalist system
87
according to Marx, what is the underlying foundation of any society?
the economy
88
Karl marx defined social classes by ___
their place within the relations of production
89
Karl Marx believed that over time, the situation of capitalism would __
become worse and people would overthrow the system, just as capitalism overthrew feudalism
90
Du Bois study of Philadelphia's economy found that ___
the AA population tend to be younger, poor, and less educated
91
what refers to the "two-ness" that arises from being American and black
double consciousness
92
Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argued that structural racism is more important than individual racism because people are less likely to be openly racism, but
many existing institutions continue to disadvantage AA and other minorities, often as a result of historical legacies
93
Based on his studies, Du Bois concluded that the problems faced by AA is caused by __
restricted access to education and higher paying jobs
94
Du Bois helped redefine race. Today, sociologists define race as ___
a socially constructed category of people, who share biological traits that society has deemed important
95
race-conflict theory tends to assume that ___
social and economic inequalities between different races is a defining feature of society
96
The concept of the "color line" as used by Du Bois helps illustrate what?
1. When POC navigate through society, they're always aware they're crossing into white spaces
2. even though segregation is over, we can still identify spaces occupied by people of different races
97
what is the concept of "double consciousness" defined as?
the reality that Black Americans have two competing identities: as an American and as a black personalizing in white America
98
the first wave of feminism (late 1800s & early 1900s) focused on ___
the right to vote and legal equality (right to own property and become lawyers)
99
sociologist use the concept of "intersectionality" to understand how __
race, gender, and socioeconomic class inequalities interact and reinforce each other
100
according to the concept of ___, we can't understand the plight of a black woman based on race alone
intersectionality
101
gender conflict theory __
applies the general concepts of conflict theory to gender relations
102
the second wave of feminism (1960s and 1970s) focused on ___
the role of women in labor force, equal pay, reproductive rights, sexual violence, and education equality
103
the role and expectations of different genders are fairly consistent across cultures and times (T/F)
false
104
for sociologist, sex means __ and gender means __
sex means biological distinct between male & female; gender means personality traits and social roles that are socially defined
105
people who describe themselves as "feminist" ___
support social equality among genders
106
according to max weber, the three components of social stratification are ___
class, power, and status
107
like karl Marx, max weber thought society was stratified. But in addition to economic class, Weber also emphasized ___
status groups defined by "social honor"
108
according to max weber, the most important event for modernization and the rise of capitalism was ___
the Protestant Reformation
109
unlike Karl Marx, max weber argued that the transition to modern society was the result of ___
changes in the way we think about the world
110
according to max weber, rationalization involved ___
calculability, methodical behavior, and reflexivity
111
the type of authority that is most often associated with bureaucracy is ___
rational-legal
112
according to max weber, the Protestant Reformation changed people's beliefs about their relationship to God and salvation. How did one demonstrate "proof of election" (salvation) in the modern world?
through material success by accumulating as much wealth as possible
113
according to max weber, there are three different types of authority, which vary by ___
what makes the authority legitimate
114
max weber was optimistic about the future and saw rationalization and bureaucratization as a solution to our social problems
false
115
when max weber argued that a modern bureaucracy is defined by being "impersonal", he meant that ___
bureaucrats follow the established rules impartially, regardless of your individual personal characteristics
