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Soc 101 > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the social science that focuses on the mind, and an individual’s internal thoughts and motivations for action is ___

A

psychology

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2
Q

the social science that focuses on questions of ancestry, history of society, and how labor is related to culture is ___

A

anthropology

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3
Q

Although the different social sciences have different areas of focus, they all have in common that ____

A

1.they study society and human being
2.they use facts and systematic observation

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4
Q

the social science that focuses on how the physical environment and available resources influences society is ___

A

geography

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5
Q

the social science that focuses on questions of leadership, social institutions, and how power is exercised in a society is ____

A

political science

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6
Q

the social science that focuses on questions of forms of identity (race, gender, etc) and the influence of other people is ___

A

sociology

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7
Q

what makes “social sciences” SIMILAR to the “natural sciences”?

A

both are rigorous and scientific

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8
Q

what makes “social sciences” DIFFERENT from the “natural sciences”?

A

the social sciences study human society

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9
Q

the main focus of sociology is ___

A

to study how people affect and are affected by social structures and social processes

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10
Q

what do ethnic minorities, religious minorities, and LGBTQ people have in common?

A

they stand outside the center of power in our society and are often marginalized

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11
Q

sociologists define “society” as ___

A

a group of people who share a culture and territory

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12
Q

when people negatively judge people who use non-standard English accents they are demonstrating what kind of power inequality?

A

cultural

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13
Q

the ability to see how individuals and their behaviors make up part of a larger social pattern is ___

A

sociological imagination

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14
Q

sociology emerged in the late 1800s as Europe and the US were going through rapid social changes because of?

A

Industrial Revolution

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15
Q

___ involves the ability to look at the social world from different perspectives?

A

sociological imagination

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16
Q

a key concept in sociology is social location, defined as ___

A

the position an individual has in the social hierarchy

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17
Q

sociology is defined as the study of

A

society and human behavior

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18
Q

sociology was founded in the late 1800s and early 1900s when the study of ___ became a special interest

A

the Industrial Revolution

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19
Q

sociologists who use the ___ theoretical framework would focus on how the different districts are necessary and essential

A

structural-functionalism

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20
Q

who are involved in the conflict theory?

A

1.W.E.B. Du Bois
2.Harriet Martineau
3.Karl Marx

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21
Q

the theoretical paradigm most closely associated with the “macro” scale is

A

structural-functionalism

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22
Q

the theoretical paradigm that sees society as a product of everyday interactions is

A

symbolic interactionism

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23
Q

an underlying assumption in conflict theory is that

A

society is composed of different groups who struggle for scarce resources

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24
Q

___ sees Panem held together by coercion. The Capitol exploits the districts for economic benefits

A

conflict theory

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25
Q

questions that look at society at the “micro” level includes questions like?

A

do doctors talk to patients of different races differently

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26
Q

a researcher who is studying issues within a local school districts realize the issues are happening everywhere. he is connecting __ problems to __ social phenomena

A

micro; macro

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27
Q

the theoretical paradigm that sees society as complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order is?

A

structural-functionalism

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28
Q

theoretical paradigms are __

A

fundamental assumptions sociologists have about the social world to guide their thinking and reasoning

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29
Q

the type of sociological inquiry that focuses on the meanings that people attach to their social world is ___

A

interpretive sociology

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30
Q

the type of sociological inquiry that focuses on the need for social change ___

A

critical sociology

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31
Q

the philosophy known as “positivism” assumes that

A

the social world can be studied through direct observation to develop theories about how the world works

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32
Q

sociologist using economic statistics to try to understand and explain the income distribution in America is doing

A

positive sociology

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33
Q

how is sociology different from commonsense understandings of the social world

A

sociology is systematic and rigorous; common sense is not

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34
Q

___ are sets of interrelated ideas that successfully explain a wide range of phenomena, deal with critically important issues, and have stood the test of time

A

theories

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35
Q

if a sociologist is doing research based on face-to-face interviews trying to understanding how people understand their lived experiences, they are doing ___

A

interpretive sociology

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36
Q

the Hawthorne effect illustrates what limitation of positive sociology?

A

people may alter their behavior if they know they’re being observed

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37
Q

which of the following is NOT a part of the scientific method

A

seek to confirm previously held beliefs or “prove” a particular condition

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38
Q

if you were going to use scientific methods to determine whether Santa Claus is real, you should ___

A

seek to find evidence that he does not exist

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39
Q

a statement that is said to be inherently true, is irrefutable, or that cannot be tested is NOT a scientific theory (T/F)

A

True

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40
Q

According to Karl Popper, the important distinction between Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud was ___

A

that Einstein was looking ahead to make predictions about future events

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41
Q

According to Karl Popper, good science relies on the principle of falsification. This means that ___

A

scientific theories must be stated in such a way that makes explicit what facts would disprove them

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42
Q

scientific thinking requires that if you discover evidence that contradicts a previously held belief or assumption, then you ___

A

should revise your beliefs and accept thew new information

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43
Q

according to his criteria, Karl Popper would call sociology a pseudoscience (T/F)

A

false

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44
Q

according to Karl Popper, science (unlike pseudoscience) is based on __

A

falsification, testing hypothesis in ways that allow them to be refuted

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45
Q

the concept of the reproducible experiment means that ___

A

anyone should be able to reproduce the same research findings if they use the same methods

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46
Q

the scientific principle of “falsifiability” means that if a claim made by scientists is contradicted by an important personality on social media, then the scientific claim has been “falsified” and can be discarded

A

false

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47
Q

when we say that “science” is both a historical and social concept, we mean that ___

A

contemporary ideas and norms about what constitutes “scientific” knowledge are new and largely a product of modernity

48
Q

which of the following is NOT one of the five “big questions” that science seeks to answer?

A

why are we here?

49
Q

different cultures and societies (across time/space) have had their own ideas about and social norms for what constitutes “science” (T/F)

A

true

50
Q

the latin slogan nullius in verba means

A

that we shouldn’t believe someone just because they say it’s true, but should test each new claim or hypothesis ourselves

51
Q

empirical science is the only legitimate way to establish what is “true” about the important questions of life (T/F)

A

false

52
Q

the chief methods that define “science” as a way of creating knowledge includes ___

A

observation/experimentation

53
Q

the type of analysis that starts with empirical observations, finds patterns, and develops theories to explain those patterns is based on ___

A

inductive logical thought

54
Q

the measures of a variable are RELIABLE if ___

A

they give consistent measures, regardless of who is collecting the data

55
Q

an important first step in developing a research question is ___

A

to clearly define the major concepts

56
Q

Joe believes as an individual’s educational attainment rises, so does his or her income. This is an example of ___

A

hypothesis

57
Q

Survey research relies on samples, which are ___

A

a smaller group that is representative of the larger population

58
Q

defining a variable and explaining how it is measured is known as ___

A

operationalization

59
Q

if I say that I observe a correlation between two variables, I mean that ___

A

the two variables move together

60
Q

the measure of a variable are VALID if ___

A

they reflect the underlying concept you’re trying to measure

61
Q

an example of participant observation would be ___

A

Mary who visits a first grade classroom and have active participation

62
Q

a hypothesis is ___

A

a statement of a possible relationship between two variables

63
Q

the ethical principle of “informed consent” means that ___

A

the information about a study must be presented in a way that the potential subject can understand; subjects must receive all the facts relevant to their decision

64
Q

the principle of “beneficence” dictates that ___

A

the potential risks of participating in a study should be outweighed by benefits to participant and society

65
Q

why were Nuremberg Code developed?

A

the use of human experiments in concentration camps by Nazi

66
Q

what do you need to study children?

A
  1. provide age-appropriate explanations to children
  2. get parent consent
  3. get children consent
67
Q

most universities and research institutions operate under an ___that ensures human subjects research complies with ethical guidelines for date collection

A

institutional review board

68
Q

what does it mean that the human subjects must be voluntary?

A

participates freely participate in study and can back out whenever

69
Q

the Tuskegee experiment violated ethic codes because?

A

it lacked informed consent

70
Q

Durkheim is a founding figure of what sociological paradigm?

A

structural-functionalism

71
Q

according to Durkheim, crime __

A

is not a social dysfunction, since every society has some amount of crime

72
Q

Durkheim saw society as an __

A

organism, with parts that served different functions

73
Q

the collection of all beliefs, moral, and ideas that are the “social facts” in a given society is known as ___

A

collective consciousness

74
Q

Durkheim was concerned with macro-level phenomena, such as the educational system, which he referred to as ___

A

social facts

75
Q

Christmas is a “social fact” in the US because ___

A

it shapes our behavior, such as gift-buying, even if we aren’t religious

76
Q

Durkheim analyzed the social changes transforming society in his lifetime in terms of

A

the division of labor

77
Q

the major cause of suicide, according to Durkheim, was

A

lack of social integration due to rapid modernization

78
Q

when an individual is confused and/or unsure of the social norms to follow, they fit with Durkheim’s definition of experiencing ___

A

anomie

79
Q

Durkheim defined “social facts” as

A

broad patterns of behavior that are external to the individual, but shape every individual’s behavior

80
Q

in sociology, Marx is a founder of the conflict theory perspective because he saw society as defined by __

A

conflict between those who benefitted from the relations of production (rich) and those who were exploited (poor)

81
Q

the main emphasis of Karl Marx was to understand how social changes was driven by ___

A

changes in material conditions, such as the economy

82
Q

Marx emphasized different elements of production (the economy). The “relations” of production include __

A

how people organize themselves around labor

83
Q

according to Marx, humans need society in order to survive and prosper in the natural world. But society tends to be organized in ways that ___

A

produce economic inequalities

84
Q

Marx emphasized different elements of production (the economy). The “forces” of production include ___

A

the technical, scientific, and material parts of the economy

85
Q

according to Marx, the underlying criticism of capitalism as a mode of production is that ___

A

the wages paid to workers is always lower than the values of the goods they produce

86
Q

a key dilemma for Marxist theory is how the rich manages to stay in power when the poor is the majority. Italian theorist Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of “hegemony” to suggest that __

A

capitalism is supported by a dominant, all-pervasive cultural set of ideas that legitimizes the capitalist system

87
Q

according to Marx, what is the underlying foundation of any society?

A

the economy

88
Q

Karl marx defined social classes by ___

A

their place within the relations of production

89
Q

Karl Marx believed that over time, the situation of capitalism would __

A

become worse and people would overthrow the system, just as capitalism overthrew feudalism

90
Q

Du Bois study of Philadelphia’s economy found that ___

A

the AA population tend to be younger, poor, and less educated

91
Q

what refers to the “two-ness” that arises from being American and black

A

double consciousness

92
Q

Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argued that structural racism is more important than individual racism because people are less likely to be openly racism, but

A

many existing institutions continue to disadvantage AA and other minorities, often as a result of historical legacies

93
Q

Based on his studies, Du Bois concluded that the problems faced by AA is caused by __

A

restricted access to education and higher paying jobs

94
Q

Du Bois helped redefine race. Today, sociologists define race as ___

A

a socially constructed category of people, who share biological traits that society has deemed important

95
Q

race-conflict theory tends to assume that ___

A

social and economic inequalities between different races is a defining feature of society

96
Q

The concept of the “color line” as used by Du Bois helps illustrate what?

A
  1. When POC navigate through society, they’re always aware they’re crossing into white spaces
  2. even though segregation is over, we can still identify spaces occupied by people of different races
97
Q

what is the concept of “double consciousness” defined as?

A

the reality that Black Americans have two competing identities: as an American and as a black personalizing in white America

98
Q

the first wave of feminism (late 1800s & early 1900s) focused on ___

A

the right to vote and legal equality (right to own property and become lawyers)

99
Q

sociologist use the concept of “intersectionality” to understand how __

A

race, gender, and socioeconomic class inequalities interact and reinforce each other

100
Q

according to the concept of ___, we can’t understand the plight of a black woman based on race alone

A

intersectionality

101
Q

gender conflict theory __

A

applies the general concepts of conflict theory to gender relations

102
Q

the second wave of feminism (1960s and 1970s) focused on ___

A

the role of women in labor force, equal pay, reproductive rights, sexual violence, and education equality

103
Q

the role and expectations of different genders are fairly consistent across cultures and times (T/F)

A

false

104
Q

for sociologist, sex means __ and gender means __

A

sex means biological distinct between male & female; gender means personality traits and social roles that are socially defined

105
Q

people who describe themselves as “feminist” ___

A

support social equality among genders

106
Q

according to max weber, the three components of social stratification are ___

A

class, power, and status

107
Q

like karl Marx, max weber thought society was stratified. But in addition to economic class, Weber also emphasized ___

A

status groups defined by “social honor”

108
Q

according to max weber, the most important event for modernization and the rise of capitalism was ___

A

the Protestant Reformation

109
Q

unlike Karl Marx, max weber argued that the transition to modern society was the result of ___

A

changes in the way we think about the world

110
Q

according to max weber, rationalization involved ___

A

calculability, methodical behavior, and reflexivity

111
Q

the type of authority that is most often associated with bureaucracy is ___

A

rational-legal

112
Q

according to max weber, the Protestant Reformation changed people’s beliefs about their relationship to God and salvation. How did one demonstrate “proof of election” (salvation) in the modern world?

A

through material success by accumulating as much wealth as possible

113
Q

according to max weber, there are three different types of authority, which vary by ___

A

what makes the authority legitimate

114
Q

max weber was optimistic about the future and saw rationalization and bureaucratization as a solution to our social problems

A

false

115
Q

when max weber argued that a modern bureaucracy is defined by being “impersonal”, he meant that ___

A

bureaucrats follow the established rules impartially, regardless of your individual personal characteristics

Soc 101 (5 decks)

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