Culture and Society

Question 1

if you walked onto an elevator and stand facing the back wall, rather than the door, you have violated one of our culture’s

Answer 1

folkways

Question 2

a culture’s norms are

Answer 2

rules and expectations that guide behavior in society

Question 3

perhaps the most important element of symbolic culture for cultural transmission is ___

Answer 3

language

Question 4

a culture’s values are ___

Answer 4

the standards people use to decide what’s good or bad, right or wrong

Question 5

if you engaged in cannibalism, you have violated one of our culture’s ___

Answer 5

taboos

Question 6

sociologists define “culture” as ___

Answer 6

the way material and non-material objects combine to form a society’s way of life

Question 7

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ___

Answer 7

argues that a person’s thoughts and actions are shaped by the language they speak

Question 8

aspects of culture that exists in intangible forms, such as norms and values are called ___

Answer 8

symbolic culture

Question 9

sociologist would consider the use of emojis in texts is a form of symbolic culture (T/F)

Answer 9

true

Question 10

freedom of expression, democracy, and family are example of ___ in US culture.

Answer 10

values

Question 11

sociologist who use the ___ theoretical framework focus on how cultural norms and values tend to give preferences to some groups over others, reinforcing social inequalities

Answer 11

conflict theory

Question 12

mark assumes his host family are alcoholics because they drink. Mark’s attitude is an example of ___

Answer 12

ethnocentrism

Question 13

sociologists who use the ___ theoretical framework would focus on how cultural norms and values provide order and cohesion in society

Answer 13

structural-functionalism

Question 14

if elementary school students learn about different cultural practices, ethnics, and religion, this is an example of ___

Answer 14

multiculturalism

Question 15

sociologist define “popular culture” as

Answer 15

behaviors and ideas that are popular with most people in a society

Question 16

the fact that Christmas and Easter are official holidays in the US illustrates

Answer 16

the privileged position Christianity has in our mainstream culture

Question 17

bodybuilders, cab drivers, and punk rockers would be considered __ because they share a distinct way of looking at the world

Answer 17

subculture

Question 18

typically, people with less power in society are relegated to subcultures (T/F)

Answer 18

true

Question 19

when cultural differences are equally accepted and appreciated by the majority, this is considered

Answer 19

multiculturalism

Question 20

anthropologist are very confident they know how and when the capacity for collective learn developed (T/F)

Answer 20

false

Question 21

the term “collective learning” describes

Answer 21

ability of a species to accumulate information cross generations

Question 22

in billions of years, other species will have developed the same kind of collective learning (T/F)

Answer 22

false

Question 23

the scientific term for our species is __

Answer 23

homo saipens

Question 24

what are some reasons humans developed collective learning, but other animals did not?

Answer 24

1. the need to navigate complex primate social hierarchies
2. need to process 3D visual information

Question 25

what are some ways to test theories about the development of collective learning and human evolution?

Answer 25

1. study our “evolutionary cousins”, primates and apes
2. study archaeological evidence in East Africa (where humans first evolved)

Question 26

what are some reasons humans developed verbal communication?

Answer 26

1. allowed better communication b/w mother and infant
2. consumption of meat allowed for bigger brain
3. form of sexual selection
4. b/c of tools, we needed hands-free communication

Question 27

natural selection is a process that requires ___ over a long period of time

Answer 27

1. non-random selection
2. death
3. extinction
4. random variation

Question 28

according to Emile Durkheim, as societies became more diverse, with people holding different kinds of jobs and living different kinds of life, societies became ___

Answer 28

more tightly integrated as individuals became interdependent

Question 29

Gerhard Lenskin developed classification system of different societies. Small size and low inequalities are ___

Answer 29

hunting and gathering societies

Question 30

Gerhard Lenskin developed classification system of different societies. Large permanent settlements, labor specialization, and increasing inequalities are ___

Answer 30

agrarian socieities

Question 31

Gerhard Lenski’s model of societal change shows that ___

Answer 31

advances in technology go hand-in-hand with increases in inequalities

Question 32

according to Gerhard Lens, the main driving force behind sociocultural change is ___

Answer 32

new technologies

Question 33

Emile Durkheim focused on societal change as a shift from ___ to ___ form of solidarity

Answer 33

mechanical; organic

Question 34

today, more than 70% of American work jobs such as hospitality, retail, and health professions. Gerhard Lenski would define today as ___

Answer 34

postindustrial society

Question 35

the earliest human societies were ____

Answer 35

hunting and gathering societies

Question 36

as societies become larger and more complex. families become increasingly important as sources of social stability (T/F)

Answer 36

false

Question 37

the example of Kingsley Davis’ studies of Ana, semi-feral child, illustrates the ongoing debate over the importance of ___

Answer 37

nature vs. nurture

Question 38

according to Sigmund freud’s model of personality, the __ represents our most basic, unconscious drives

Answer 38

id

Question 39

according to jean Piaget, the ability to understand things from different perspectives doesn’t take place until ___

Answer 39

concrete operational stage (age 6-7)

Question 40

George H. Mead referred to the general morals and values of the culture in which a person develops as the __

Answer 40

generalized other

Question 41

George H. Mead believed the self ___

Answer 41

is not fixed

Question 42

Peter knows how to act in relation to Zoe’s role in the game. According to Mead, what stage is Peter in?

Answer 42

game

Question 43

Jessica’s phone starts ringing in the movie, and she knows to silence it. This is an example of responding to ___

Answer 43

the generalized other

Question 44

the “nature vs. nurture” debate is over ___

Answer 44

how much of our behavior is biologically determined and how much is a product of our social environment

Question 45

according to Carol Gilligan, men tend to base their notions of moral rights and wrongs on ___

Answer 45

abstract ideas of duty, justice, and individual freedom

Question 46

behavior associated with Jean Piaget’s sensorimotor stage is demonstrated when a child ___

Answer 46

learn about his or her world by handling different objects

Question 47

psychologically, the period of adolescence is marked by ___

Answer 47

the struggle between the need to stand out and the need to belong to a group

Question 48

“Crystalline” intelligence is __

Answer 48

knowledge that’s based on facts and solidified by past experiences and prior learning

Question 49

Erik Erikson’s stages of life is marked by ___

Answer 49

a crisis to be resolved

Question 50

Raymond Cattle and John Hom developed the idea of fluid and crystalline intelligence. how do they relate to a person’s age of life?

Answer 50

fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline in one’s 30s, while crystalline intelligence continues to improve over a lifetime

Question 51

according to Erikson, young adulthood is ___

Answer 51

stage of life when we begin to form stable intimate relationships, trying to avoid loneliness

Question 52

accord to Erikson, the stage of adolescence is marked by a crisis involving ___

Answer 52

identity vs. role confusion

Question 53

which is not a way that adolescents try to resolve identity vs. role confusion?

Answer 53

staying true to their high school self and “keeping it real”

Question 54

adolescence is __

Answer 54

transition period between childhood and adulthood, extending from puberty to full independence (adulthood)

Question 55

the idea that we can explain someone’s behavior by their stable, enduring traits (disposition) or situation (context) is called

Answer 55

attribution theory

Question 56

accord to Fritz Heider, when we believe someone’s behavior is because of disposition instead of context, we have committed ___

Answer 56

fundamental attribution error

Question 57

according to social psychologist, our attitudes and beliefs cannot be influenced by our behaviors (T/F)

Answer 57

false

Question 58

the study of psychology is very similar to the study of socialization (T/F)

Answer 58

true

Question 59

if you are influenced by appearance rather than logical/evidence, you are being influenced by ___

Answer 59

peripheral route persuasion

Question 60

people who blame poverty on the people are emphasizing ___ over ___

Answer 60

disposition; situation

Question 61

Philip Zimbardo’s 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated that ___

Answer 61

power of a given situation can easily override individual differences in personality

Question 62

when we experience psychological discomfort bc of a mismatch between what we do and who we are, we are experiencing ___

Answer 62

cognitive dissonance

Question 63

Stanley Milgram’s experiments about people’s obedience to authority were inspired by __

Answer 63

claim by Nazi war criminals that they were simply following orders

Question 64

__ describes how we adjust our behavior or thinking to follow behavior/rules of the group

Answer 64

conformity

Question 65

___ conducted experiments that demonstrated that the power of the group is so great that it may override our own judgement

Answer 65

Solomon Asch

Question 66

Milgram experiments provided scientific evidence of ___

Answer 66

the power of authority

Question 67

social media consumption tends to limit our exposure to similar people and ideas, which can lead to ___

Answer 67

group polarization

Question 68

After the Cuban Missile Crisis, many came forward that they thought it was wrong but they didn’t want to rock the boat. This is an example of ___

Answer 68

groupthink

Question 69

Tendency for people to exert less effort when pooling their resources together toward a common goal is called ___

Answer 69

social loafing

Question 70

Stanley Migram and Solomon Asch both underscored the power of __ in social conformity

Answer 70

situation

Question 71

period of socialization when you first learn language, values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms is ___

Answer 71

primary socialization

Question 72

process through which children become socialized outside of homes, by peers, school, and the media is called ___

Answer 72

secondary socialization

Question 73

parents enrolling their young children in special academic or sport camps are providing them with ___

Answer 73

cultural capital

Question 74

schools have a “hidden curriculum” that ___

Answer 74

teaches social norms, values, and beliefs

Question 75

Learning norms and values about behavior that are ladylike or manly are examples of ___

Answer 75

gender socialization

Question 76

each individual learns and comes to accept the ways of a group of society of which he or she is part of. This process is called __

Answer 76

socialization

Question 77

main agent of primary socialization is ___

Answer 77

family

Question 78

family, peers, media, and school are examples of ___

Answer 78

agents of socialization

Question 79

social groups whose members have interests, social positions, or age in common are called ___

Answer 79

peer groups

Question 80

from a sociological perspective, the source of our personality and individuality is ___

Answer 80

socialization

Question 81

John is a son, friend, father, and teacher. These are examples of John’s ____.

Answer 81

statuses

Question 82

An individual’s master status is ____.

Answer 82

the status others are more likely to use to identify them

Question 83

____ looks at social life as a series of performances, similar to those that take place in a theater or on a stage.

Answer 83

Dramaturgical analysis

Question 84

Julia is a college student who is active in her sorority and plays in the marching band. She often struggles to manage her various activities and keep up her grades. Julia is experiencing ____.

Answer 84

role strain

Question 85

Mary goes on her first job interview after graduating from college. She gets up early that day to iron her clothes and fix her hair. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of ____.

Answer 85

impression management

Question 86

Frank is a high school teacher. On the same day that he is giving his students their final exam, his two children become sick. He doesn’t know whether he should stay home with them or leave them with a sitter so that he can administer the exam. Frank is experiencing ____.

Answer 86

role conflict

Question 87

Why do people use impression management?

Answer 87

They are sensitive about how others see them

Question 88

From a sociological perspective, human development requires social interaction. (T/F)

Answer 88

true

Question 89

A ____ is a person’s position within a social system; a ____ is what is expected of a person in this position.

Answer 89

status; role

Question 90

When sociologists say that reality is “socially constructed,” they mean that ____.

Answer 90

our perceptions create reality

Question 91

People who share a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interact with each other are called a social ____.

Answer 91

category

Question 92

People milling about in rows, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a social ____.

Answer 92

aggregate

Question 93

Two-person groups (dyads) are fragile social groups because ____.

Answer 93

if one person leaves, the group disappears

Question 94

Which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability?

Answer 94

Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group

Question 95

A boss whose management style emphasizes consensus-building and seeks out input from her employees is demonstrating a(n) ____ style of leadership

Answer 95

democratic

Question 96

Reference groups provide us ____.

Answer 96

a standard for judging our attitudes and behavior

Question 97

The Stanley Milgram experiments demonstrated that people will follow an authority figure’s orders, regardless of the pain they might inflict on others. But they’re MOST likely to do this if ____.

Answer 97

the authority figure appeals to their shared values

Question 98

A person might want to be part of a secondary group to ____.

Answer 98

accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

Question 99

A leader who primarily focuses on making sure everyone in the group gets along by diffusing conflicts is demonstrating a(n) ____ type of leadership.

Answer 99

expressive

Question 100

At Jamie’s high school, the “jocks” made fun of the drama club members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the jocks. Therefore, we could consider the jocks ____.

Answer 100

an in-group

Question 101

Formal organizations that serve some function for their members are known as ____ organizations.

Answer 101

utilitarian

Question 102

Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of bureaucracies?

Answer 102

centralization

Question 103

The first systematic interpretation of modern organizations was developed by ____.

Answer 103

Karl Weber

Question 104

A sociologist who works as a consultant for corporations and large organizations, helping them develop ways to be more efficient and productive could describe himself or herself as an expert in ____, a field pioneered by Frederik Taylor.

Answer 104

scientific management

Question 105

The shift in educational institutions towards a service-oriented, customer-friendly approach based on high levels of automation and standardized outcomes is an example of ____.

Answer 105

The McDonalization of society

Question 106

A society comprised primarily of impersonal or indirect social ties is an example of ____.

Answer 106

gesellschaft

Question 107

Robert Michels saw that in large-scale organizations and in societies dominated by such organizations, power tends to concentrate at the top. He called this the ____.

Answer 107

iron law of oligarchy

Question 108

A very small, tight-knit neighborhood characterized by a strong sense of community and frequent face-to-face interactions could be referred to as an example of ____.

Answer 108

gemeinschaft

Question 109

The “McDonaldization of society” refers to ____.

Answer 109

the continued spread of rationalization and uniformity to other sectors of society

Question 110

Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of bureaucracies?

Answer 110

leadership

Question 111

When you get on an elevator, you’re supposed to turn around and face the door. If you don’t, people might stare at you, which will make uncomfortable. This is because the other elevator passengers are using ____.

Answer 111

negative sanctions

Question 112

Someone who argues that people are more likely to become deviants or criminals due to environmental factors and how they were socialized is using a ____ perspective on deviance.

Answer 112

psychological

Question 113

Unlike the biologically essentialist and psychological approaches to deviance, the sociological perspective ____.

Answer 113

focuses on understanding why norms are socially defined as “deviant” to begin with

Question 114

Nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a significant number of people in a community is called ____.

Answer 114

deviance

Question 115

Which of the following is NOT one of the foundations of deviance, according to sociologists?

Answer 115

deviance is a result of socialization

Question 116

The theory that deviance is related to impulse, and that people who don’t exhibit deviant behavior are able to control their impulses is known as ____.

Answer 116

containment theory

Question 117

Someone who argues that people of a certain racial or ethnic group are more predisposed to commit crimes is using a ____ perspective on deviance.

Answer 117

biologically essentialist

Question 118

Formal norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow are called ____.

Answer 118

laws

Question 119

Any reaction from others to the behavior of an individual meant to ensure that the individual complies with a given norm is called a ____.

Answer 119

sanction

Question 120

Principles or rules that people in a society are expected to observe are referred to as ____.

Answer 120

norms

Question 121

Mary has been working as an administrative assistant at the same company for 30 years. She doesn’t expect she will ever be promoted and goes through the motions at her job competently, but with little motivation. Robert Merton would describe Mary as a(n) ____.

Answer 121

ritualist

Question 122

Merton’s theory of deviance suggests that ____.

Answer 122

there is a disparity between what is considered valuable and what is available, limiting the number of people who can access what is considered valuable

Question 123

Cliff is a drug dealer who wants to make quick money. Robert Merton would describe Cliff as a(n) ____.

Answer 123

innovator

Question 124

The recent tendency to discuss the rise in opium use as an “epidemic” reflects ____.

Answer 124

change in how we label and response to drug usage

Question 125

Robert Merton’s strain theory argues that the amount of deviance in a society is related to ____.

Answer 125

whether that society provides sufficient means to achieve culturally defined goals

Question 126

According to the labeling theory of deviance, a student who is tracked as “at-risk” has a lower likelihood of becoming deviant. (T/F)

Answer 126

false

Question 127

the tendency in high school for social norms to be dictated by white, middle-class tastes and preferences seems to fit the ____ perspective.

Answer 127

conflict theory

Question 128

Conflict theory suggests that when it comes to deviant and criminal behavior, members of the elite ____.

Answer 128

have the ability to commit deviant acts and escape penalties

Question 129

According to Émile Durkheim and other structural-functionalists, deviance is ____.

Answer 129

used to define and clarify a group’s norms and rules

Question 130

Labeling theory is one variety of the ____ perspective that is useful for thinking about deviance.

Answer 130

symbolic interactionist

Question 131

Many gun control policies, such as the New York City’s “stop and frisk” and the ATF’s series of sting operations to combat gun crimes tend to disproportionately target people of color. (T/F)

Answer 131

true

Question 132

Which of the following statements is true about the case of Philando Castile, the young black man killed by police during a routine traffic stop?

Answer 132

he informed police he had a gun and he had a license to carry

Question 133

Which of the following statements is true about the case of Marissa Alexander, the black woman from Florida who was sentenced to 20 years in prison?

Answer 133

she shot a shot to scare her abusive husband and Florida has a “stand your ground law”

Question 134

At the beginning of the video, Adam Conover argues that ____.

Answer 134

conversations about gun control tend to focus on what makes white people feel safe, but excludes the concerns of people of color

Question 135

In the 1960s, the Black Panthers began patrolling the streets of Oakland, California, with weapons. They stated that they would take responsibility to protect their community from crime and the police. How did the California government respond?

Answer 135

no more open carry in public areas

Question 136

Which of the following best describes gun control policy in the United States?

Answer 136

no national law; many local-level law that aim to control and penalize possession of guns; “stand your ground” and “open carry” laws vary state to state

Question 137

Which of the following is/are ways in which we see racial inequalities related to issues of gun control?

Answer 137

unequal “stand your ground” law; NYC policy that allow police to stop anyone that looks suspicious of drugs or guns; NRA not defending POC; early laws that ban NA and free blacks from guns

Question 138

Since 1990, crime rates in the United States ____.

Answer 138

steadily decrease

Question 139

The growth of the incarcerated population over the past several decades, and the social, political, and economic conditions that caused it is referred to as ____.

Answer 139

mass incarceration

Question 140

Based on the available evidence about incarceration and recidivism rates, we can conclude that “tough on crime” policies work as a deterrence. (T/F)

Answer 140

false

Question 141

Ethnic and racial minorities are often “overcriminalized.” This means that ____.

Answer 141

they are more likely to be seen as criminals and treated by it by police and public

Question 142

_____ is the repetition of a criminal act by someone who has been convicted of a prior offense.

Answer 142

Recidivism

Question 143

Which country has the HIGHEST incarceration rate in the world?

Answer 143

the USA

Question 144

Which of the following is NOT part of the formal criminal justice system?

Answer 144

the news media

Question 145

Which of the following is NOT an economic factor that makes it more likely that poor people will accept plea bargains for crimes they didn’t commit?

Answer 145

Fines and penalties for many crimes are higher for poor people than they are for wealthy people.

Question 146

The contradiction between the ability of (primarily) white gun rights advocates to “open carry” weapons in public spaces, while (predominantly) minority suspects are frequently killed by police officers for fear they might be armed suggests ____.

Answer 146

systematic inequalities in the way police forces behave