Culture and Society Flashcards
1
Q
if you walked onto an elevator and stand facing the back wall, rather than the door, you have violated one of our culture’s
A
folkways
2
Q
a culture’s norms are
A
rules and expectations that guide behavior in society
3
Q
perhaps the most important element of symbolic culture for cultural transmission is ___
A
language
4
Q
a culture’s values are ___
A
the standards people use to decide what’s good or bad, right or wrong
5
Q
if you engaged in cannibalism, you have violated one of our culture’s ___
A
taboos
6
Q
sociologists define “culture” as ___
A
the way material and non-material objects combine to form a society’s way of life
7
Q
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ___
A
argues that a person’s thoughts and actions are shaped by the language they speak
8
Q
aspects of culture that exists in intangible forms, such as norms and values are called ___
A
symbolic culture
9
Q
sociologist would consider the use of emojis in texts is a form of symbolic culture (T/F)
A
true
10
Q
freedom of expression, democracy, and family are example of ___ in US culture.
A
values
11
Q
sociologist who use the ___ theoretical framework focus on how cultural norms and values tend to give preferences to some groups over others, reinforcing social inequalities
A
conflict theory
12
Q
mark assumes his host family are alcoholics because they drink. Mark’s attitude is an example of ___
A
ethnocentrism
13
Q
sociologists who use the ___ theoretical framework would focus on how cultural norms and values provide order and cohesion in society
A
structural-functionalism
14
Q
if elementary school students learn about different cultural practices, ethnics, and religion, this is an example of ___
A
multiculturalism
15
Q
sociologist define “popular culture” as
A
behaviors and ideas that are popular with most people in a society
16
Q
the fact that Christmas and Easter are official holidays in the US illustrates
A
the privileged position Christianity has in our mainstream culture
17
Q
bodybuilders, cab drivers, and punk rockers would be considered __ because they share a distinct way of looking at the world
A
subculture
18
Q
typically, people with less power in society are relegated to subcultures (T/F)
A
true
19
Q
when cultural differences are equally accepted and appreciated by the majority, this is considered
A
multiculturalism
20
Q
anthropologist are very confident they know how and when the capacity for collective learn developed (T/F)
A
false
21
Q
the term “collective learning” describes
A
ability of a species to accumulate information cross generations
22
Q
in billions of years, other species will have developed the same kind of collective learning (T/F)
A
false
23
Q
the scientific term for our species is __
A
homo saipens
24
Q
what are some reasons humans developed collective learning, but other animals did not?
A
- the need to navigate complex primate social hierarchies
- need to process 3D visual information
25
what are some ways to test theories about the development of collective learning and human evolution?
1. study our "evolutionary cousins", primates and apes
2. study archaeological evidence in East Africa (where humans first evolved)
26
what are some reasons humans developed verbal communication?
1. allowed better communication b/w mother and infant
2. consumption of meat allowed for bigger brain
3. form of sexual selection
4. b/c of tools, we needed hands-free communication
27
natural selection is a process that requires ___ over a long period of time
1. non-random selection
2. death
3. extinction
4. random variation
28
according to Emile Durkheim, as societies became more diverse, with people holding different kinds of jobs and living different kinds of life, societies became ___
more tightly integrated as individuals became interdependent
29
Gerhard Lenskin developed classification system of different societies. Small size and low inequalities are ___
hunting and gathering societies
30
Gerhard Lenskin developed classification system of different societies. Large permanent settlements, labor specialization, and increasing inequalities are ___
agrarian socieities
31
Gerhard Lenski's model of societal change shows that ___
advances in technology go hand-in-hand with increases in inequalities
32
according to Gerhard Lens, the main driving force behind sociocultural change is ___
new technologies
33
Emile Durkheim focused on societal change as a shift from ___ to ___ form of solidarity
mechanical; organic
34
today, more than 70% of American work jobs such as hospitality, retail, and health professions. Gerhard Lenski would define today as ___
postindustrial society
35
the earliest human societies were ____
hunting and gathering societies
36
as societies become larger and more complex. families become increasingly important as sources of social stability (T/F)
false
37
the example of Kingsley Davis' studies of Ana, semi-feral child, illustrates the ongoing debate over the importance of ___
nature vs. nurture
38
according to Sigmund freud's model of personality, the __ represents our most basic, unconscious drives
id
39
according to jean Piaget, the ability to understand things from different perspectives doesn't take place until ___
concrete operational stage (age 6-7)
40
George H. Mead referred to the general morals and values of the culture in which a person develops as the __
generalized other
41
George H. Mead believed the self ___
is not fixed
42
Peter knows how to act in relation to Zoe's role in the game. According to Mead, what stage is Peter in?
game
43
Jessica's phone starts ringing in the movie, and she knows to silence it. This is an example of responding to ___
the generalized other
44
the "nature vs. nurture" debate is over ___
how much of our behavior is biologically determined and how much is a product of our social environment
45
according to Carol Gilligan, men tend to base their notions of moral rights and wrongs on ___
abstract ideas of duty, justice, and individual freedom
46
behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage is demonstrated when a child ___
learn about his or her world by handling different objects
47
psychologically, the period of adolescence is marked by ___
the struggle between the need to stand out and the need to belong to a group
48
"Crystalline" intelligence is __
knowledge that's based on facts and solidified by past experiences and prior learning
49
Erik Erikson's stages of life is marked by ___
a crisis to be resolved
50
Raymond Cattle and John Hom developed the idea of fluid and crystalline intelligence. how do they relate to a person's age of life?
fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline in one's 30s, while crystalline intelligence continues to improve over a lifetime
51
according to Erikson, young adulthood is ___
stage of life when we begin to form stable intimate relationships, trying to avoid loneliness
52
accord to Erikson, the stage of adolescence is marked by a crisis involving ___
identity vs. role confusion
53
which is not a way that adolescents try to resolve identity vs. role confusion?
staying true to their high school self and "keeping it real"
54
adolescence is __
transition period between childhood and adulthood, extending from puberty to full independence (adulthood)
55
the idea that we can explain someone's behavior by their stable, enduring traits (disposition) or situation (context) is called
attribution theory
56
accord to Fritz Heider, when we believe someone's behavior is because of disposition instead of context, we have committed ___
fundamental attribution error
57
according to social psychologist, our attitudes and beliefs cannot be influenced by our behaviors (T/F)
false
58
the study of psychology is very similar to the study of socialization (T/F)
true
59
if you are influenced by appearance rather than logical/evidence, you are being influenced by ___
peripheral route persuasion
60
people who blame poverty on the people are emphasizing ___ over ___
disposition; situation
61
Philip Zimbardo's 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated that ___
power of a given situation can easily override individual differences in personality
62
when we experience psychological discomfort bc of a mismatch between what we do and who we are, we are experiencing ___
cognitive dissonance
63
Stanley Milgram's experiments about people's obedience to authority were inspired by __
claim by Nazi war criminals that they were simply following orders
64
__ describes how we adjust our behavior or thinking to follow behavior/rules of the group
conformity
65
___ conducted experiments that demonstrated that the power of the group is so great that it may override our own judgement
Solomon Asch
66
Milgram experiments provided scientific evidence of ___
the power of authority
67
social media consumption tends to limit our exposure to similar people and ideas, which can lead to ___
group polarization
68
After the Cuban Missile Crisis, many came forward that they thought it was wrong but they didn't want to rock the boat. This is an example of ___
groupthink
69
Tendency for people to exert less effort when pooling their resources together toward a common goal is called ___
social loafing
70
Stanley Migram and Solomon Asch both underscored the power of __ in social conformity
situation
71
period of socialization when you first learn language, values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms is ___
primary socialization
72
process through which children become socialized outside of homes, by peers, school, and the media is called ___
secondary socialization
73
parents enrolling their young children in special academic or sport camps are providing them with ___
cultural capital
74
schools have a "hidden curriculum" that ___
teaches social norms, values, and beliefs
75
Learning norms and values about behavior that are ladylike or manly are examples of ___
gender socialization
76
each individual learns and comes to accept the ways of a group of society of which he or she is part of. This process is called __
socialization
77
main agent of primary socialization is ___
family
78
family, peers, media, and school are examples of ___
agents of socialization
79
social groups whose members have interests, social positions, or age in common are called ___
peer groups
80
from a sociological perspective, the source of our personality and individuality is ___
socialization
81
John is a son, friend, father, and teacher. These are examples of John's ____.
statuses
82
An individual's master status is ____.
the status others are more likely to use to identify them
83
____ looks at social life as a series of performances, similar to those that take place in a theater or on a stage.
Dramaturgical analysis
84
Julia is a college student who is active in her sorority and plays in the marching band. She often struggles to manage her various activities and keep up her grades. Julia is experiencing ____.
role strain
85
Mary goes on her first job interview after graduating from college. She gets up early that day to iron her clothes and fix her hair. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of ____.
impression management
86
Frank is a high school teacher. On the same day that he is giving his students their final exam, his two children become sick. He doesn't know whether he should stay home with them or leave them with a sitter so that he can administer the exam. Frank is experiencing ____.
role conflict
87
Why do people use impression management?
They are sensitive about how others see them
88
From a sociological perspective, human development requires social interaction. (T/F)
true
89
A ____ is a person's position within a social system; a ____ is what is expected of a person in this position.
status; role
90
When sociologists say that reality is "socially constructed," they mean that ____.
our perceptions create reality
91
People who share a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interact with each other are called a social ____.
category
92
People milling about in rows, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a social ____.
aggregate
93
Two-person groups (dyads) are fragile social groups because ____.
if one person leaves, the group disappears
94
Which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability?
Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group
95
A boss whose management style emphasizes consensus-building and seeks out input from her employees is demonstrating a(n) ____ style of leadership
democratic
96
Reference groups provide us ____.
a standard for judging our attitudes and behavior
97
The Stanley Milgram experiments demonstrated that people will follow an authority figure's orders, regardless of the pain they might inflict on others. But they're MOST likely to do this if ____.
the authority figure appeals to their shared values
98
A person might want to be part of a secondary group to ____.
accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college
99
A leader who primarily focuses on making sure everyone in the group gets along by diffusing conflicts is demonstrating a(n) ____ type of leadership.
expressive
100
At Jamie's high school, the "jocks" made fun of the drama club members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the jocks. Therefore, we could consider the jocks ____.
an in-group
101
Formal organizations that serve some function for their members are known as ____ organizations.
utilitarian
102
Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of bureaucracies?
centralization
103
The first systematic interpretation of modern organizations was developed by ____.
Karl Weber
104
A sociologist who works as a consultant for corporations and large organizations, helping them develop ways to be more efficient and productive could describe himself or herself as an expert in ____, a field pioneered by Frederik Taylor.
scientific management
105
The shift in educational institutions towards a service-oriented, customer-friendly approach based on high levels of automation and standardized outcomes is an example of ____.
The McDonalization of society
106
A society comprised primarily of impersonal or indirect social ties is an example of ____.
gesellschaft
107
Robert Michels saw that in large-scale organizations and in societies dominated by such organizations, power tends to concentrate at the top. He called this the ____.
iron law of oligarchy
108
A very small, tight-knit neighborhood characterized by a strong sense of community and frequent face-to-face interactions could be referred to as an example of ____.
gemeinschaft
109
The "McDonaldization of society" refers to ____.
the continued spread of rationalization and uniformity to other sectors of society
110
Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of bureaucracies?
leadership
111
When you get on an elevator, you're supposed to turn around and face the door. If you don't, people might stare at you, which will make uncomfortable. This is because the other elevator passengers are using ____.
negative sanctions
112
Someone who argues that people are more likely to become deviants or criminals due to environmental factors and how they were socialized is using a ____ perspective on deviance.
psychological
113
Unlike the biologically essentialist and psychological approaches to deviance, the sociological perspective ____.
focuses on understanding why norms are socially defined as "deviant" to begin with
114
Nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a significant number of people in a community is called ____.
deviance
115
Which of the following is NOT one of the foundations of deviance, according to sociologists?
deviance is a result of socialization
116
The theory that deviance is related to impulse, and that people who don't exhibit deviant behavior are able to control their impulses is known as ____.
containment theory
117
Someone who argues that people of a certain racial or ethnic group are more predisposed to commit crimes is using a ____ perspective on deviance.
biologically essentialist
118
Formal norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow are called ____.
laws
119
Any reaction from others to the behavior of an individual meant to ensure that the individual complies with a given norm is called a ____.
sanction
120
Principles or rules that people in a society are expected to observe are referred to as ____.
norms
121
Mary has been working as an administrative assistant at the same company for 30 years. She doesn't expect she will ever be promoted and goes through the motions at her job competently, but with little motivation. Robert Merton would describe Mary as a(n) ____.
ritualist
122
Merton's theory of deviance suggests that ____.
there is a disparity between what is considered valuable and what is available, limiting the number of people who can access what is considered valuable
123
Cliff is a drug dealer who wants to make quick money. Robert Merton would describe Cliff as a(n) ____.
innovator
124
The recent tendency to discuss the rise in opium use as an "epidemic" reflects ____.
change in how we label and response to drug usage
125
Robert Merton's strain theory argues that the amount of deviance in a society is related to ____.
whether that society provides sufficient means to achieve culturally defined goals
126
According to the labeling theory of deviance, a student who is tracked as "at-risk" has a lower likelihood of becoming deviant. (T/F)
false
127
the tendency in high school for social norms to be dictated by white, middle-class tastes and preferences seems to fit the ____ perspective.
conflict theory
128
Conflict theory suggests that when it comes to deviant and criminal behavior, members of the elite ____.
have the ability to commit deviant acts and escape penalties
129
According to Émile Durkheim and other structural-functionalists, deviance is ____.
used to define and clarify a group's norms and rules
130
Labeling theory is one variety of the ____ perspective that is useful for thinking about deviance.
symbolic interactionist
131
Many gun control policies, such as the New York City's "stop and frisk" and the ATF's series of sting operations to combat gun crimes tend to disproportionately target people of color. (T/F)
true
132
Which of the following statements is true about the case of Philando Castile, the young black man killed by police during a routine traffic stop?
he informed police he had a gun and he had a license to carry
133
Which of the following statements is true about the case of Marissa Alexander, the black woman from Florida who was sentenced to 20 years in prison?
she shot a shot to scare her abusive husband and Florida has a "stand your ground law"
134
At the beginning of the video, Adam Conover argues that ____.
conversations about gun control tend to focus on what makes white people feel safe, but excludes the concerns of people of color
135
In the 1960s, the Black Panthers began patrolling the streets of Oakland, California, with weapons. They stated that they would take responsibility to protect their community from crime and the police. How did the California government respond?
no more open carry in public areas
136
Which of the following best describes gun control policy in the United States?
no national law; many local-level law that aim to control and penalize possession of guns; "stand your ground" and "open carry" laws vary state to state
137
Which of the following is/are ways in which we see racial inequalities related to issues of gun control?
unequal "stand your ground" law; NYC policy that allow police to stop anyone that looks suspicious of drugs or guns; NRA not defending POC; early laws that ban NA and free blacks from guns
138
Since 1990, crime rates in the United States ____.
steadily decrease
139
The growth of the incarcerated population over the past several decades, and the social, political, and economic conditions that caused it is referred to as ____.
mass incarceration
140
Based on the available evidence about incarceration and recidivism rates, we can conclude that "tough on crime" policies work as a deterrence. (T/F)
false
141
Ethnic and racial minorities are often "overcriminalized." This means that ____.
they are more likely to be seen as criminals and treated by it by police and public
142
_____ is the repetition of a criminal act by someone who has been convicted of a prior offense.
Recidivism
143
Which country has the HIGHEST incarceration rate in the world?
the USA
144
Which of the following is NOT part of the formal criminal justice system?
the news media
145
Which of the following is NOT an economic factor that makes it more likely that poor people will accept plea bargains for crimes they didn't commit?
Fines and penalties for many crimes are higher for poor people than they are for wealthy people.
146
The contradiction between the ability of (primarily) white gun rights advocates to "open carry" weapons in public spaces, while (predominantly) minority suspects are frequently killed by police officers for fear they might be armed suggests ____.
systematic inequalities in the way police forces behave
