Foundation - History Flashcards
Where did the Etruscan civilization centre around?
Toscana
Umbria
Who were the three strong advocates/leaders of the unification by the Kingdom of Sardegna? (3)
- King Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia
- Prime Minister Camillo Benso Count of Cavour
- General Giuseppe Garibaldi
True or False
Corks and glass bottles gradually became common during the 17th and 18th centuries in Italy.
False
While common other wine countries like France and Germany, it did not become widespread until the 19th century in Italy.
What are “communi”?
Municipalities - Italy was divided into seveal kingdoms, duchies, principalities and small political entities known as the communi after 11th century.
Name three cities, the so-called ‘Maritime Republics” that were among the richest and most powerful city-states in Europe.
- Venezia
- Genova
- Pisa
What happened in 1709 to plant grapes like Trebbiano and Verduzzo, more productive but lesser quality?
The winter freeze that utterly destroyed the vineyards in many European winegrowing regions including those in Northern Italy.
Who stated “We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians”?
Massimo d’Azeglio, a former Kingdom of Sardegna Prime Minister
Who was PIer de Crescenzi?
A renowned agronomist wrote the first important document about vines and wine at the turn of 14 th century after a long period of obscurity.
What is “rinascimento”?
Italian Renaissance
Italy was the center of of the cultural movement from the end of the 13th century until 16th century) preceded the European Renaissance, a period of great cultural rebrith that became the bridge between the Middles Ages and the Modern Age.
What did Phoenicians contribute prior to the arrival of Etruscans?
- Promoted the development of viticulture and wine trade in the entire western Mediterranean, including Italian colonies in Sicialia and Saardegna
What were three white wines considered to be the first grand crus of Roman Italy?
- Caecumbum - Lazio
- Falernum - Campania
- Mamertinum - Sicily
What is “il Risorgimento”?
“Resurgence”
Italy’s political unification movement
Which appellation one can find Etruscan’s training system alberata?
Campania’s Avesa DOC
True or False
The abolition of the medieval system of mezzadria (share cropping) and the introduction of the DOC system occured in 1940s.
False
in 1960s
Who were the original grape-loving tribes prior to 1000BC? (6 tribes)
- Rhaeti, Salassi, Liguri in the northwest
- Venetio in the northeast
- Piceni in the central Italy
- samnites in the south
- Nuragic in Sardegna
True or False
Many of the most famous and prestigeous wines in Italy such as Barolo, Chianti and Brunello di Montalcino adopted their contemporary styles and/or blending formulars during the 19th century.
True
What did the Romans do in 42 BC to the entire Italian territory?
Granted Roman citizneship uniting the Italian terriotry for the first time in its history
True or False
All geographical regions in Italy was inlcuded in the united Kingdom of Italy declared on March 17, 1861.
False
Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige were still under the Austiran Empire and the Papal states were still independent.
What did the Etruscans teach to the tribes in northern and central Italy?
- How to grow vines, to make wine and preserve it
- Domesticated wild vines and trained them high above ground using trees as natual supports
- Their training system, alberata or vite martata all’albero reaminded widesperad particularly in central Italy untif the first half of the 20th century
What did the Greeks bring to the original inhabitants after the Etrsucans?
- Brought grape varieties
- Introduced innovative viticultural and wine making techniques such as the low head training method for grapevines
What did the Greeks called the south of Italy, realzing the immense potential of southern Italy as a wine producing region very early on, thanks to the ideal climate and variety of suitalble soils?
“Oenotria”, the land of. vines
What did the following men in common and contribute:
Giacomo Tachis
Mario Schiopetto
Giorgio Lungarotti
Antonio Mastroberardino?
- Enologist Giacomo Tachis in Toscana greatly contributed to shape Italy’s modern red winemaking practices
- Mario Schiopetto in Friuli Venezia Giulia experimented with modern winemaking techniques that would produce innovative white wines
- Giorgio Lungarotti in Umbria and Antonio Mastroberardino in Campania each laid the foundation for modern viticulture and enology in their respective regions
Which two northern Italian wines acquired respect and esteem during the reins of Augustus, Roman emperor?
- Rhaeticum (Retico) produced in Veneto around Verona (modern day Valpolicella)
- Pucinum made in Friuli Venezia Guilia
What did the Romans contribute to Italian viticulture?
They refined vine training and pruning methods to such a level that some systems remained in use for centuries all over Europe.
What did Columella provide in his fundamental work?
“De re rustica” - recommended the ideal soils and winegrowing areas for each grape variety
What is “mezzadria”?
The practice of sharecropping became widely adopted throughout the Middle Ages.
Based on this arrangement, the landowner took half of each year’s crop from the famer as payment.
When did the use of wooden barrels become widespread?
During the Middle Ages.
The barrels unlike sealed amphorae used by the Romans, were not airtight an contributed to teh poor quality an short life of the wines of this era.
Who defeated the Arabs who have taken control of Sicily?
The Normans
Which country/house took over Italy from Spain and France during the 17th and 18th centuries?
Austrian Hapsburg
What event marked a crucial step towards proces of Italian unification in 1720?
The Duchy of Savoy obtained the island of Sardegna through an agreement with the Austrican Habsburg Empire and became the Kingdom of Sardegna - a major polical power in Italy.
When did the Roman Empire split into two and when did the Western Roman Empire fell?
395 AD
476 AD
What did German tribe Lombards to the kingdom of Italia to everntually cause the weakenss and instability?
They set several duchies that were clustered around foccal cities.
When were the first mentions of important Italian grapes such as Nebbiolo and Garganega dated from?
15th century
along with Cinque Terre, Aglianico. Aleatico, Chianti, Vino Noble di Montepulciano and Sangiovese di Romgana
When did Italy annex Trentino, Alto Adige and the remaining part of Friuli Venezia Guilia?
After the First World War.
Who did rise up to protect the Pope from Lombards aggrssion to the papal state?
The Franks
When was the Kingdom of Italy declared?
March 17, 1861
What type of wines did the Romans drink?
Sweet and alcoholic
The wines were diluted with water, and were usually flavored and stablized with a mixture of sea water, resin, herbs and honey.
Name the most important families - the ruling “signorie” who controlled the destiny of the comuni.
- The Medici in Frenze
- Sforza in Milano
- Gonzaga in Mantova
Name three new enological schools established during 1870s and 1880s in some of the most important winegrowing areas.
- the Enological School of Conegliano in Veneto
- Agrarian Institute of San Michele all’Adige in Trentino
- the Enological School of Alba in Piemonte
What name the Romans gave to the southern Italian territories occupied by the Greek settlers?
Magna Graecia (Great Greece)
When did the Italian goverment approve DOC legislation?
Which wine became the first wine to be approved?
1963
Vernaccia di San Gimignno in 1966
What did precipitate plantings of considerable quantity of international varieties especially in the northeast regions, causing many indigenous grape varieties to disappear forever?
Phylloxera in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
