Foundation Chapter Flashcards
How long have been fossiles vines detected in different parts of italy?
At Quaternary period (2.5 Ma)
Name the different tribes which cultivated the Vitis vinifera in Italy at:
. Northwest :
. Northeast :
. Central Italy
. South Italy
. Serdegna
. Northwest : Rhaeti, Salasi and Liguri
. Northeast : Veneti
. Central Italy : Piceni
. South Italy: Samnites
. Serdegna : Nuragic
Which people promoted the developement of viticulture and wine before the arrival of greeks and expansion of etruscans?
The phoenicians
Which civilization developed in the modern Tuscany and Umbria ?
The Etruscans
When did the Estruscans have their peak as civilization?
Which river valley as well which regions did they habit?
6th century BC
They habited north part along Po River in the modfern areas of Lombardia, Veneto, Piemonte and Emilia-Romagna
By which trellising system did the estruscans domesticated the wild vines?
Using trees as natural supports
Alberata or vite maritata all’albero
In which italian DOC they are still using the alberata trellising method?
Aversa DOC in Campania region
Aspirnio grapes on poplar and elm trees
Did the etruscans developed a market up to France and spain? If yes, when?
Yes.
7th century BC
When did the Greeks arrived to the southernmost part of Italy?
Which regions?
7th century
Sicilia, Campania, Calabria, Basilicata and Puglia
How did the Romans named the area of Southern Italy where Greeks settled?
Magna Grecia
How did the Greeks name the south of Italy and why?
Oenotria
Since they released the enormous potential of Italy because of its ideal climate and heterogeneity of soils
Which was the Greek God of Wine?
And its roman name?
Dionysius
Bacchus
Because of who the Etruscans started its decline and when?
Because of the invasion of celitic tribes to the north of Italy between 6-5 century BC
Since which century the Roman Republic became a major political and militar power?
Which was the status on 3th BC
What did happen on the 42 BC
Since 4th BC
By the 3rd BC Rome dominated almost all the italian peninsula
In 42 BC the Roman citizenship was given to every inhabitant on the pemninsula
Name some of the authors which wrote relative works on vines in Roma
Columella
Cato the elder
Horace
Virgilius
Pliny the elder
Which was the work of Columella related to the wine?
What did he mention on it
De re rustica
Ideal soils and most indícate
winegrowing areas for each grape variety
Which wines from which regions could be considered the first grand crus of Roman Italy?
Caecubum at the Lazio
Falernum at Campania
Mamertinum at Sicily
What does mean that the wines drunk by Romans followed greek habits?
THat they were sweet and alcoholic.
Often diluted with water, usually flavoured and stabilized with a mixture of:
. sea water
. resin
. herbs
. spices
. honey
What did happen in Italy in 49 BC?
Juluis Cesar finished the 500 years of Roman Republic
Who followed Julius Cesar?
His great-nephew Octavius who would become Augustus
How was the scenario of the Roman Empire
Roma was the largest city in the world
The Empire covered:
. all the western Europe including Britain
. large part of middle and eastern Europe
. northern Africa
. middle east
Organized into large provinces
No foreign province enjoyed of the Roman citizenship with the exception of the Italian peninusla
Which wines acquired respect and esteem under Augustus?
Rhaeticum(Retico) produced in the Veneto aroun Verona (Valpolicella)
Pucinum made in Friuli Venezia Giulia
Everywhere romans invaded they brought know how and wine making.
Where they were?
Spain
Burgundy, Bordeaux and Rhone Valley
Mosel and Rhine rivers
When and why was once forbidden the planting of more vines in Italy?
In 92 AD since the plantings were replacing the planting of wheat.
when and who gave the roman citizenship for all the empire
212 AD Caracalla
When Rome lost supremacy?
In 330 when Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople
When was the roman empire divided in Western and Eastern?
Which was the capital of the Western one?
395 AD
Milano
Later Ravenna
When was the roman empire divided in Western and Eastern?
Which was the capital of the Western one?
395 AD
Milano
Later Ravenna
When did fall the Western Roman empire and why?
What did happen with the wine industry?
476 AD due to the invasions from the north by the Goths and Vandals
It entered on a profound regression
When started the use of wooden barrels?
What did they replace?
Which was it worst defect?
The middle ages 6 - 13th centuries
Terracota Vessels
They were not airtight
Which people invaded most of the italian territory between the late 5th century and 6th century?
Who battled against then and recover the country?
Which was the state of the country after this war?
Who reconquered it?
What would they got finally?
The Germanic Ostrogoth
The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian and conquered for himself in 533 AC.
The country was left in starvartion.
The weak moment was profited by another German tribe, the Lombards settled in Italy in 568
They would conquer the rest of Italy leaving for the Empire just the Veneto Adriatic coast, parts f central and southern italy and Sicilia and Cerdegna.
Today’s Lazio remained as Duchy of Rome
Which prople invaded most of the italian territory between the late 5th century and 6th century?
Who battled against then and recover the country?
The Germanic Ostrogoth
The Eastern Roman emeror Justinian and conquered for himself in 533 AC
Which was the main weakness for the Lombard Kingdom?
That it was divided in duchies more independent with time
When did the Lombards occupied Ravenna capital of the Western (aka eastern Roman Empire)?
What did it mean?
In 751 AC
They defeated the Eastern Roman Empoire presence in central Italy
When did the Franks defeat the Lombards defending the Pope?
And the second time?
In 756 AD
In 774 AD
Which were the territories that were donated to the Pope by the Franks after defeating the Lombards?
Lazio, Marche, Umbria and part of Emilia -Romagna
When does Chatlemagne die?
What was the implican y of his death?
In 814
Several towns and cities acquirted increasing independence
What did happen in the south in 9th century?
The arabs started to attack.
In the 10th centurt they took control of Sicily
When did the Normans (from north of France) defeat the arabs in the south of Italy and take control of Sicily
In 1130
About 11th century which was the main difference between Italy plitical organization and the rest of the territories as France or Spain?
In the rest of Europe, most of contries witnessed the arise of absolut monarchies while italy was divided into several kingdoms, duchies, pricipalities and small politial entities known as comuni
Give some examples of comuni
Milanio, Bologna Parma and Firenze
Which was the century when the decline of the viticulture and wine culture fially reversed?
13th century, due to a rising class of wealthy merchants
Who was Pier de Crezcensi?
An important agronomist who wrote documents about wie in 13th century
Which grapes were first mentioned on the Renascimento arount the 15th AC
. Nebbiolo and Garganega
. Cinque terre
. Aglianico
. Aleatico
. Chianti
. Vino nobile de Montepulciano
. Sangiovese di Romagna
What was the mezzadria
Practice of share-cropping adopted particularly in Central Italy
Which was the form of government which gradually replaced the comuni in the 13th and 14th?
La signoria: ruled by whelathy families which took control of the comuni
Samples of signorias
Medici in the Republic of Firenze
Sforza in Milano
Gonzaga in Mantova
Which were the Maritime Republics
Some cities that controlled the Mediterranean Sea trade
Which was the main problem of the commerce between state cities in the 15th?
Which was the solution?
The quantity of tolls, duties and taxes to be pais between states
To export
Name some kingdoms and cityi-states that controlled the Italian territoy by 15th century
Republic of Ventzia
Firenze (Medici family)
Republic of Genova
Milano (Visconti and Sforza families)
Papal states
Duchy of Savoy (Savoy, Valle d’Aosta and part of Piemonte)
Kingdom of Napoli and Kingdom of sicilia (linked to the kingdom of Aragon in Spain)
Between which centuries Italy was the center of the Renascimento ?
13th - 16 th
In spite of being cuturally advanced, which was the political status of the italian peninsula during the Renascimento?
France took control of the north
Spain of the south
Just the Republic of Venetia and the Papal states remained independent
What did mark a huge decline of the commerce in mediteranean, specially in the south of Italy?
The discovering of America in 1492
Scenario of Italian peninsula between 17 and 18th century
France, Spain and the Austrianb Hasburg house play and important role.
Spain kept control of the Kingodoms of Sicilia and Napoli
Papal states remained independent
Grand Duchy of Toscana remained independent (unitl second half 19th)
Why Italy remained far from innovations and glass bottles and corks commonin France or Germany?
Because during 17 and 18th Italy was isolated from most dynamic markets, with no incentive to improve
How and when did varieties as Trebbiano and Verduzzo arise?
In 1709 a winter freeze detroyed many european wine growing regions and many growers planted cold resistant varieties as these both
Which crucial step was taken in 1720 towards the Italian unification?
The Duchy of Savoy obtained the island of Serdegna, a major political power in italy.
How long was the Napoleon control fo a large part of central and northern Italy?
What did start at that year?
From end of 18th century until 1814-15 when the Austrian Hasburg Empire took the control
In 185 statted a political and cibil rebirth known as Risorgimiento
Which were the most famous and prestigious wines of Italiy which took their contemporary forms during the 19th century?
Barolo
Chianti
Brunello de Montalcino
When and which enological schools arose on 1870/80?
Enological School of Conegliano (Veneto)
Agrarian Institute of San michele all’Adige (Trentino)
Enological School of Alba (Piemonte)
Who and when was main responsables of the unification of Italy?
The actions of the Kingdom of Serdegna under the leadership of Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia.
His prime minister Camilo Benbso count of Cavour and
Giusseppe Garibaldi
When the Kingdom of Serdegna defeated the Austrian Empire and which regions were incorporated?
In 1869
The Gran Ducato di Toscana
Duchy of Amilia, Romagna and Parma
When was declared the United Kingdom of Italy
Which regions remained under the Austrian Empire
Which regions were independent?
March 17, 1861
Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Tendtino Alto Adice remained under austrians (part of them would be incorporated in 1866 - not yet Trentino alto Adice)
Papal state (lazio, Unmbria and part of Emilia romagna) still independent (finally incorporated in 1870)
When and where started the phyloxera louse arrived to Italy?
When arrived to campania
where was the replanting of new varieties (and lost the indigenous ones) affrected more?
Lombardia, 1875
In Campania 1920-30
Veneto, Trentino Alto Adice and Frouli Venezia Giulia
When was declared Italy a Republic?
After the War, in 1946
When was launched the DOC systems and which was the first DOC?
In 1966
Vernaccia di San Gaminiano DOC
Where was declared the first single vineyard
In Barolo in the ’60s
Name important oenologists of the ‘60
Giacomo Tachis (Toscana)
Mario Schioopetto (Friuli Venezia Giulia)
Goirgio Lungarotti (Umbria)
Antonio Mastroberardino (Campania)
When were the first regluations rom EU and with which standard adopeted
2009
World trade Organization
In how many group the EU divided the wines
. wines with Designation of Origin
. wines without DEsignation of Origin (or generic wines)
Are still valid the local designations of each EU country
Yes they are still valid
Pyramid for EU wines
PDO (wine with protected DO)
PGI (wine with geographical designation)
Generic wines with grape and/or vintage
Generic Wines
Informar DOC - DOCG Sottozona
Friuli Colli Orientali Ribolla Gialla di Rosazzo DOCG
Friuli Colli Orientali DOC
Rosazzo DOC
