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Year 10 Science BC > Fossils > Flashcards

Fossils Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Evidence of past life in the form of remains or imprints of a once living organism that has been preserved in rock or another substance

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2
Q

What are the 5 types if fossils?

A
  • permineralisation
  • casts and moulds
  • carbonisation
  • trace fossils
  • fossilised resin
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3
Q

What is permineralisation?

A
  • original material is hardened by minerals deposited by the ground
  • also called petrification
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4
Q

What are casts and moulds?

A

Casts- a rock with the shape of an organism protruding

Moulds-a rock that has an impression (hollow) of an organism

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5
Q

What is carbonisation?

A
  • Often indicated by shiny black texture of an organism

- e.g plant leaves or anthropod

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6
Q

What are trace fossils?

A

Remains of trackways, burrows, eggs and eggshells, nests and droppings

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7
Q

What is fossilised resin?

A
  • also called amber fossils
  • formed when tree sap solidifies
  • traps insects
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8
Q

What is absolute age?

A
  • estimate of the age of the fossil
  • based on radioactive decay of materials
  • carbon dating - determined by comparing the amount of original isotype
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9
Q

What is relative age of a fossil?

A
  • whether it is younger or older than other fossils or rocks
  • older layers of sedimentary rock at bottom and newer at top
  • fossils will be same age as rock its formed in
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10
Q

What was lamarcks theory?

A
  • THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
  • improvement with repeated use and weakened with disuse
  • these improvements could be passed on to child
  • unsupported by evidence
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11
Q

What was darwin/wallaces theory?

A
  • THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
  • within species, variation of characteristics (char) already exist
  • favourable char. help an organism survive its environment
  • supported by modern studies of genetics
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12
Q

What is variation?

A

Within any species, individuals can have inherited characteristics and be similar to others but not identical

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13
Q

What is adaptation?

A
  • organisms can adapt to their environment
  • stuctural - physical characteristics
  • behavioural - how they act
  • functional - internal changes
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14
Q

What is VESP and whose theory is it?

A

Variation, environmental pressures, population and survival of the fittest

Darwin and wallace

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15
Q

What is variation within natural selection?

A

Individuals with favourable variations are more likely to survive longer and produce more offspring

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16
Q

What is environmental pressures within natural selection?

A

Competition for resources, predators

17
Q

What is population within natural selection?

A

Favourable characteristics passed on, so it becomes more common in the population

18
Q

What is survival of the fittest?

A
  • individuals best adapted to their environment have better chance of surviving
  • have advantage when competing for resources
  • e.g galapogos finches
19
Q

What is the convergent evolution?

A

Over time two species become more alike due to similar selection pressures and similar variations selected for

20
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

A barrier isolates population of a species and over time they change due to different selection pressures and different variations selected for

21
Q

What is the evidence for evolution?

A
  • fossil record
  • comparative anatomy
  • comparative embryology
  • molecular biology
22
Q

Fossil record - evidence

A
  • shows organisms living on earth have become increasingly complex
  • shows some species become extinct
  • shows gradual change to species
  • eg fossils of ancient horses
23
Q

Comparative anatomy - evidence

A

-similarity in characteristics from common ancestry

24
Q

Homologous

A

Similarity in anatomical signs- eg similar forearms of mammals

25
Q

Analogous structures

A

Perform same role but have different evolutionary origins

26
Q

Comparative embryology

A
  • organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development are believed to be closely related
  • gill slits - fish and all
27
Q

Molecular biology - evidence

A
  • closer match in dna sequences, the more recent their common ancestor and hence the more closely they are related
  • human and chimpanzees

Year 10 Science BC (2 decks)

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