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IB Chemistry 30 > Fossil Fuels (HL Option C.2) > Flashcards

Fossil Fuels (HL Option C.2) Flashcards

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1
Q

How were fossil fuels formed?

A

Reduction of biological compounds that contained carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

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2
Q

What is petroleum?

A

A mix of hydrocarbons that can be split into different component parts called fractions by fractional distillery

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3
Q

What are the three main fossil fuels?

A

Coal, Gas, Crude Oil

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4
Q

How are the components of crude oil separated?

A

Fractional Distillation

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5
Q

Why does fractional distillation work?

A

Some chains of hydrocarbons are longer than others, longer chains have stronger Van der Waals forces which influences boiling point.

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6
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation?

A
  1. Crude oil is heated to make it less viscous
  2. Oil is fed into a fractionating column with varying temperatures at different heights, low temperature is at the top
  3. Short-chained hydrocarbons boil, and leave the top of the column
  4. Substances with higher boiling points condense at the bottom of the column
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7
Q

What are characteristics of the hydrocarbons which leave the top of the column in fractional distillation?

A

Small molecules, more volatile, more flamable

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8
Q

What are characteristics of the hydrocarbons which leave the bottom of the column in fractional distillation?

A

Large molecules, less volatile, less flamable

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9
Q

What are the benefits of using short chained hydrocarbons as energy?

A

better fuels, cleaner flame

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10
Q

Why must the process of cracking be used?

A

There are more long-chained hydrocarbons in crude oil so cracking is used to make more short-chained hydrocarbon

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11
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A

Long-chained alkaline hydrocarbons are heated over a catalyst to crack them into two shorter chain alkalines

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12
Q

What is made when cracking Naphtha?

A

Naphtha is cracked to make alkenes such as ethene and alkanes such as octanes used in petrol.

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13
Q

Why are zeolites employed over alumina and silica catalysts?

A

Zeolites are more selective in producing the higher octane C5-C10 range of hydrocarbons with more branched hydrocarbons

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14
Q

What system for octane number is used in Europe, South Africa and Australia?

A

Research Octane Number (RON)

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15
Q

What system for octane number is used for motor sports?

A

Motor Octane Number (MON)

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16
Q

What system for octane number is used in Canada and the US?

A

Pump Octane Number (PON) - Average between RON and MON

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17
Q

What is an octane rating?

A

Measure of a fuels ability to resist auto-igniting

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18
Q

Why are higher octane fuels better than lower octane fuels?

A

Higher octane fuels can be compressed more and therefore give better performance

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19
Q

What are the harms of using toluene as a octane booster?

A

It is an aromatic compound and hurts the environment

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20
Q

How does octane rating increase?

A

With branching, branching resists auto ignition; aromatic compounds

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21
Q

How does octane rating decrease?

A

length of carbon chain

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22
Q

What is catalytic reforming?

A

Process used to convert low-octane numbered alkanes into higher octane isomers

23
Q

What is the process of catalytic reforming?

A
  1. Straight chain alkanes are isomerized by heating with a platinum catalyst
  2. Products are passed over zeolite
24
Q

What does isomerizing straight chain alkanes over a catalyst do?

A

chains break apart and reform, increasing the proportion on branched alkanes

25
Q

Why is a platinum catalyst with aluminum oxide or other metal catalyst used in catalytic reforming?

A

reforms and dehydrogenates an alkane into a aromatic compound

26
Q

Catalytic reforming is the summative effect of ____

A

cracking, unifying and isomerizing

27
Q

What is the order from top to bottom in a fractional column in fractional distillation?

A
  1. Refinery Gas
  2. Gasoline (Petrol)
  3. Naphtha
  4. Kerosene
  5. Diesel Oil
  6. Fuel Oil
  7. Residue
28
Q

What makes oxidation happen?

A

Adding oxygen to a compound

29
Q

What are ways that fuels are made cleaner?

A

remove sulfur, lower environmental impact, produce alternative or blended petrochemical fuels, develop renewable and alternative resources and technologies

30
Q

How is sulfur removed from fossil fuels?

A

scrubbing, filters and engineered compounds for sulfur compounds

31
Q

What are the advatages of removing sulfur from fossil fuels?

A

reduces sulfur dioxide emissions that could cause acid rain, sulfur extracted coulf also be used in sulfiric acid production

32
Q

How are fuels developed to have a lower environmental impact?

A

remove lead, benzene, sulfur; use catalytic converters in cars

33
Q

What are the advantages of producing fuels with a lesser environmental impact?

A

reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxde, lead oxides and carcinogenic benzines

34
Q

How are alternative or blended petrochemical fuels produced?

A

mix ethanol with petrol, develop engines that work on liquified natural gas (LNG) or methane

35
Q

What are the benefits of alternative or blended petrochemical fuels?

A

Reduces carbon dioxide emissions, lowers carbon footprint, reduced emissions of carbon dioxde and nitrogen oxides

36
Q

What are examples of renewable and alternative fuels and technologies?

A

bioethanol, biodiesel, electric cars, hybrid cars, fuel cells

37
Q

What are the advantages of developing renewable and alternative resources and technologies?

A

reduce dependance on oil, move toward carbon neutral fuels which absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, more renewable and sustainable

38
Q

What is coal gasification?

A

process of producing coal gas by reacting coal with oxygen and steam in a gasifier to create hydrocarbons

39
Q

Why is coal gasification used?

A

Coal is a more abundant resource than crude oil and can be converted to other useful forms cheaper than converting crude oil; leaves a relatively clean and efficient fuel; gasification produces materials that can be used in roofing materials

40
Q

Inside the gasifier, what is the oxygen reaching the coal limited to?

A

it is limited to the combustion that will not occur

41
Q

What is carbon capture and storage?

A

capturing carbon from industrial processes, compressing it and transporting it to be injected in rock formations at selected safe sites

42
Q

What conditions must be present for coal gasification to occur?

A

High pressure, high temperature, corrosive slag (molten rock)

43
Q

What are the products of coal gasification?

A

carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas

44
Q

What are the by-products of coal gasification?

A

H2S, carbon dioxide, slag, mercury, arsenic, cadmium and selenium

45
Q

What is pyrolysis (in coal gasification)?

A

C + H2O -> CO + H2

46
Q

What is reduction (in coal gasification)?

A

CO + 3H2 -> CH4 + H2O

47
Q

What is the clean-up stage (in coal gasification)?

A

C + O2 -> CO2

Desired products are cleaned up and removed, note there will be excess carbon monoxide and this is burnt in this phase

48
Q

What is coal liquefaction?

A

method which adjusts the carbon to hydrogen ratio in the presence of a catalyst

49
Q

What is the process of coal liquefaction?

A

filtered and cleaned synthesis gas is added to water over a catalyst

50
Q

What are the two types of coal liquefaction and what is the difference between each?

A

Indirect coal liquefaction, direct coal liquefaction;

51
Q

What is the Fischer - Tropsch process and what is it used for?

A

nCO + (2n + 1)H2 - catalyst -> CnH(2n+2) + nH2O

It is used to adjust the carbon hydrogen ratio and to produce liquid fuels

52
Q

Do you need coal in coal gasification or coal liquefaction? If so, why is that good?

A

no, you can use a short chained hydrocarbon if you want the reverse reaction to occur, maybe you want the hydrogen gas for a hydrogen fuel cell!

53
Q

What is a carbon footprint?

A

measure of the net quantity of carbon dioxide produced in a process

IB Chemistry 30 (7 decks)

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