Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spirits > Fortified Wines > Flashcards

Fortified Wines Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 3 Spirits flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Spirits flashcards WSET ® Level 1 Spirits flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 styles of fortified wines?

A

1- Fermentation is arrested through the addition of spirit (Port)

2- Wine is fortified after fermentation (Sherry)

3- Grape must is fortified prior to fermentation (called mistelle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the vin de liquers commonly associated with

Champagne

Cognac

Armagnac

Jura

A

Champagne- Ratafia

Cognac- Pineau de Charentes

Armagnac- Floc de Gascogne

Jura- Macvin du Jura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what year was the Duoro first demarcated?

A

1756

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is enforced by the lei do tergo?

A

Law of the third- Port

A house can’t sell more than a third of its holdings in a single year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the preferred red grapes of Port?

A

Touriga Nacional

Tourigna Francesca

Tinta Roriz

Tinta Cao

Tinta Barroca

Tinta Amarela

Tinta Francisca

Bastardo

Mourisco Tinto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the preferred white grapes of Port?

A

Gouveio

Malvasia Fina

Viosinho

Rabigato

Esgana Cao

Folgasao

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Red grapes constitue what minimum portion of the blend in Port?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Patamares?

A

Wide terraces that can be navigated by tractor. Typically found in the Douro region for Port.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are lagares?

A

Open granite troughs that Port was originally foot crushed at harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the term “beneficio” mean?

A

the fortification of wine and spirit

Port wine term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is spirit added to grapes during the fermentation process of Port?

A

when 1/3 of the sugar has converted to alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is aguardente?

A

A neutral grape spirit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the French synonym for beneficio?

A

Mutage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Port wine is fortified to what abv?

A

19-22%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which winery started the Port Rose style?

A

Croft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the traditional barrel for both aging and shipping Port?

A

Pipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 styles of Port?

A

Ruby and Tawny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ruby Ports are aged how?

A

In bottle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tawny ports are aged how?

A

cask-aged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The term “Vintage Character” on Port bottles has been replaced by what?

A

Ruby Reserve Port

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vintage Port constitutes what percentage of total Port production in a given year?

A

1-3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 styles of Ruby Port?

A

Ruby Port

Ruby Reserve Port

Vintage Port

Single Quinta Vintage Port

Late-Bottled Vintage Port

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a Single Quinta Vintage Port mean?

A

product of one estates harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the Single Quintas of the following Port producers?

Warres

Taylor

Dow

A

Warres- Quinta da Cavadinha

Taylor- Quinta de Vargellas

Dow- Quinta do Bomfim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Late Bottle Vintage (LBV)

A

spends between four and six years in cask prior to bottling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Late Bottle Vintage Port is always the product of a _______ vintage.

A

Single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The majority of LBVs are _______ prior to bottling.

A

Filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Do LBVs require decanting?

A

No they are generally filtered before bottling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When would you see the following on a bottle of LBV Port?

Envelhecido em Garrafa

A

Superior style of LBV closer to a Vintage Port. These are generally not filtered and must go through an additional 3 years of bottle aging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name the 4 styles of Tawny Port

A

Tawny Port

Reserve Tawny

Tawny with Indication of Age

Colheita Tawny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the aging requirement for Reserve Tawny?

A

7 years prior to bottling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is a Tawny with Indication of Age decided?

A

the IVDP deems a Port labeled “10 Year Old Tawny” to taste like a 10 Year Old Tawny, regardless of the wine’s actual age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a Colheita Port?

A

a vintage-dated Port that spends a minimum of seven years in cask—many stay in cask for decades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Madeira DOP may be produced on what 2 islands?

A

Madeira

Porto Santo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Poios?

A

Basalt stone terraces found in Madeira

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What trellising system is generally used on Madeira?

A

Latada- aka. pergola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the climate of Madeira?

A

Sub-Tropical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Who regulates harvesting and production methods of Madeira wines

A

Handicraft Institute of Madeira (IVBAM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 3 types of companies involved in the production and sale of Madeira?

A

Production companies- located in Funchal, the capital

Shipping companies- trade wine, usually based in London

Partidistas- companies who store wine and sell it at maturity to other traders for a profit (same as almacenistas of Sherry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Who is the largest producer of Madeira and responsible for half of the island’s exports?

A

Vinhos Justino Henriques

Madeira Wine Co is the second largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Who is the largest independent producer of Madeira?

A

Henriques and Henriques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the potential white grapes used in the production of Madeira?

A

Sercial- Esgana Cao on the mainland

Verdelho- Gouveio

Boal- Bual (Malvasia Fina)

Malmsay- Malvasia Branca de Sao Jorge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the work horse grape of Madeira?

A

Tinta Negra- 85%

was called Tinta Negra Mole until recently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What percentage of a stated varietal must be in the bottle of Madeira?

A

85%

100% if it is vintage dated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Name the varietal wines in order of sweetness in Madeira.

A

Malmsay (Malvasia)- sweetest

Boal- sweeter

Verdelho- sweet

Sercial- dry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When is Madeira fortified?

A

The sweeter the Madeira the shorter the fermentation before being fortified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 2 modern heating methods that lend Madeira its distinctive character?

A

Estufagem

Canteiro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is an estufa?

A

stainless steel vat that warms the wine by circulating hot water through serpentine coils inside the tank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Explain the estufagem process.

A

1- Wines are transferred to the estufa and heated there for 3 months between 113-122 F

2- Resting period for 90 days

3- Transferred to cask for aging

Wines may not be released for a minimum of 2 years after harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are armazens de calor?

A

rooms warmed by nearby tanks or steam pipes rather than the direct heat of the estufa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Which madeira producer uses the armazens de calor?

A

Madeira Wine Company- utilizes lower temperatures over a longer period of time—sometimes up to one year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Explain the Canteiro method of Madeira.

A

The wines are cask-aged for a period of at least two years in lodge attics. Minimum 3 years before bottling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are Frasqueiras?

A

Madeira wines that are made in the canteiro method but stay in cask for over 20 years

Vintage Madeira- 85% minimum

Canteiro method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

List Multi-Vintage styles of Madeira

A

Rainwater

Seleccionado

Reserve

Special Reserve

Extra Reserve

20 years old

30 years old

Over 40 years old

Solera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What grape is used in Rainwater? How many years old must it be before release?

A

Tinta Negra

3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Define: Seleccionado Madeira

A

Such bottles are often labeled “Finest,” “Choice,” or “Select,” and include a blended wine that is at least 3 years old (but below five years of age). These wines are dominated by the Tinta Negra grape, heated in Estufagem and aged in tank rather than cask.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Describe Reserve Madeira

A

Aged between 5-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Describe Special Reserve designation for Madeira

A

Aged 10-15 years

Usually a single noble varietal

Heated by the Canteiro method

60
Q

What does Extra Reserve mean on a bottle of Madeira?

A

Aged between 15-20 years

61
Q

How are Solera Madeira wines produced?

A

Fractional blending and using the Canteiro method

62
Q

What is the maximum addition and subtraction for a Solera in Madeira

A

10% either way

63
Q

How are Colheita Madeiras produced?

A

Minimum 85% required from a single vintage

Aged for 5 years prior to bottling

It may be a blend or single varietal

64
Q
A
65
Q

What are Vinhos da Roda?

A

An exceptional rarity, wines so labeled underwent an ocean journey across the equator. Shortridge Lawton, now a brand of the Madeira Wine Company, produced wines in this traditional style as late as the early 1900s.

Aka: Vinho da Torno; Vinho da Volta

66
Q

Jerez is located in what Spanish province?

A

Cadiz

67
Q

What is the hottest wine region in Spain?

A

Jerez

68
Q

What 3 towns are at the center of Sherry production?

A

Jerez de la Frontera

Sanlucar de Barrameda

El Puerto de Santa Maria

DO regulations require Sherry to be matured in and shipped from one of these three municipalities

69
Q

What river flanks the Jerez region in its northwest?

A

Guadalquivir

70
Q

What is the hot dry wind that blows in Jerez?

A

Levante

71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q

What wind blows from the east in Jerez?

Alternatively, which blows from the west?

A

Levante- dry and hot

Poniente- humid Atlantic

These 2 winds promote the growth of flor

74
Q

Where does the subregion Jerez Superior lie within Jeres-Xeres-Sherry?

A

Between Sanlucar de Barrameda and the Guadelete river; known for it’s albariza soils

75
Q

Name three important vineyards in Jerez de la Frontera.

A

Macharnudo- over 2,000 acres; largest vineyard in Jerez

Anina

Carrascal

76
Q

Where do you find barros & arenas soils in Jerez-Xeres-Sherry?

A

Barros- low lying valleys- more clay

Arenas- coastal- sandy

77
Q

What 3 grapes are authorized for the production of Sherry?

A

Palomino- Listan

Pedro Ximenez- PX

Moscatel- Muscat of Alexandria

78
Q

What grape constitutes 95% of vineyard plantings in Jerez?

A

Palomino- Listan

79
Q

What are the 2 subvarieties of Palomino in Jerez?

A

Palomino Fino- prized for higher yields and disease resistance

Palomino de Jerez

80
Q

What soils are best for Moscatel in Jerez?

A

Arenas- sandy soils near Chipiona on the coast

81
Q

What is the soleo process?

A

Grape bunches are dried on grass mats for a period of 1-3 weeks prior to pressing

Jerez

82
Q

In Jerez how long is Palomino left on straw mats to dry?

A

24 hours if at all

83
Q

What is the traditional vine training method in Jerez?

A

vara y pulgar

in which growers prune alternate spurs each year: one year’s vara (stick) will be pruned back after harvest to become the following year’s pulgar (thumb).

84
Q

What are the maximum yields in Jerez?

A

80 hl/ha- Jerez Superior

100 hl/ha- Everywhere else in the region

85
Q

Define- zapatos de pisar

A

cowhide boots with angled nails on the soles.

Traditional crushing method, modern approach is used today

Jerez

86
Q

In the production of Sherry, what is the maximum amount of juice that may be pressed from 100kg of grapes?

A

72.5 L

87
Q

In Jerez the must (mosto de yema) is divided into three stages of quality. What are they?

A

Primera yema- free run juice 60-70%

Segunda yema- press wine

Mosto prensa- poorer quality pressed wine for distillation

88
Q

In Jerez before fermentation commences the Prima yema and Segunda yema must go through what?

A

acidification

Palomino is notorious for low acid must

89
Q

What traditionally was added to grapes prior to pressing in Jerez?

A

Yeso- quicklime plaster

aided in clarification and with the addition of cream of tartar, it would help produce tartaric acid

90
Q

Define: desfangado

A

a racking system- Jerez

91
Q

What are the 2 stages of fermentation in the production of Sherry?

A

Tumultuous fermentation- a hot and vigorous initial phase lasting up to a week

Lenta- slow fermentation, in which high temperatures subside and any remaining sugar in the wine is converted to alcohol over a period of weeks

92
Q

What are the 2 main styles of aging Sherry?

A

Biological- Palos fortified to 15-15.5% abv. meant for Finos and Manzanillas

Oxidative- Gorduras fortified to 17-18% abv meant for Olorosos (will not promote the growth of flor)

93
Q

How is Sherry fortified?

A

mitad y mitad

mix of older sherry and grape spirit

94
Q

What are the prerequisites for the development of flor?

A

Humid air- poniente wind

Moderate temp- between 60-70 F

Absence of fermentable sugars

ABV between 15-15%

95
Q

Flor protects the wine from?

A

Oxidation

96
Q

Which wines are destined to age biologically in Jerez?

A

Primera yema typically from fruit that was harvested from albariza soils

97
Q

Olorosos are aged oxidatively by which juice

A

Segundo yema

98
Q

Wines that age biologically undergo an intermediary stage _________, to develop under flor.

A

Sobretablas

99
Q

What vessel is used to house Finos and Manzanillas while in Sobretablas?

A

American oak butts, 600L

100
Q

What are the second classifications made for Finos and Manzanillas?

A

Palma- delicate fino

Palma Cortada- amontillados

Palo Cortado

Raya- olorosos

Dos Rayas

101
Q

What does the Raya designation signify in Sherry?

A

Flor growth is anemic and protective yeast dies; The wine’s robust character is reinforced by further fortification to 17-18%, and the wine emerges from Sobretablas as an Oloroso.

102
Q

What does Palo Cortado signify on a Sherry label?

A

Palo Cortado- rarity; the wine will be fortified after Sobretablas to at least 17% abv, destroying the veil of flor that protects it from oxygen.

103
Q

What does Palma indicate on a Sherry bottle?

A

Fine, delicate Sherry in which the flor has flourished, protecting the wine from oxidation. Such wines will generally develop as Fino styles.

104
Q

What does Palma Cortada signify on a Sherry label?

A

A more robust Fino, which may eventually emerge as an Amontillado.

105
Q

When a barrel is labeled Dos Rayas during biological aging in Jerez, what does it indicate?

A

The wine’s flor has disappeared, but its character is rough and coarse. Characterized by high levels of volatile acidity, these wines are either blended and sweetened for lower quality Sherry or removed from the Sherry-making process, often finding new life as Sherry vinegar.

106
Q

Basic definition for solera is?

A

fractional blending

107
Q

What is the minimum solera aging required in Jerez?

A

2 years

108
Q

What is a criadera?

A

Teirs of butts (casks) in a solera system

109
Q

For every liter of wine drawn from a solera, how much must remain?

A

2 liters

110
Q

The final alcohol content of an Amontillado must be between what?

A

16-22%

111
Q

The final alcohol content of an Oloroso must be between what?

A

17-22%

112
Q

Name Sanlucar de Barrameda’s generoso wines?

A

Manzanilla Fina

Manzanilla Pasada

Manzanilla Olorosa

113
Q

What does Oloroso translate to?

A

fragrant

114
Q

What is a cabaceo?

A

A final blend of Sherry. Blended from soleras and criaderas plus some sweetening and coloring agents, minimum 17.5% abv to start

115
Q

Name the Generoso Sherry styles?

A

-7-

Fino

Amontillado

Oloroso

Palo Cortado

Manzanilla Fina

Manzanilla Pasada

Manzanilla Olorosa

116
Q

List some sweetening agents that are available to the Sherry producer.

A

Dulce pasa is a mistela produced from Palomino grapes

Dulce de almibar- a blend of invert sugar and Fino (rare)

Mistela- produced from the must of sunned Moscatel or Pedro Ximénez grapes

117
Q

What is vino de color?

A

a non-alcoholic concoction produced by a combination of boiled, reduced syrup and fresh must; Used to color Sherry

118
Q

What is sancocho?

A

Vino de color syrup that has been reduced by 1/3. Used in Sherry

119
Q

What additional terms can Sherry producers use on a Medium Sherry label?

A

Golden

Milk

Brown

120
Q

What is arrope?

A

Vino de color syrup that has been reduced by 1/5 of it’s original. Used to make Sherry

121
Q

Name the Generoso Liqueur wines of Sherry?

A

Pale Cream- fino wines

Cream- oloroso wines

Dry- paler style with fair amount of sweetness

Medium- a rich amber Sherry that may include Amontillado in the blend

122
Q

Which Sherry producer has trademarked the term almacenista?

A

Lustau

123
Q

What is Vino Dulce Natural?

A

Moscatel and Pedro Ximenez that have been sunned; wines are fortified

180-500 g/l rs

124
Q

In Sherry production what is meant by the following designations?

VOS

VORS

A

VOS- Vinum Optimum Signatum, or “Very Old Sherry”; solera wines with an average age of over 20 years

VORS- Vinum Optimum Rare Signatum, or “Very Old Rare Sherry”—may be applied to solera wines with an average age of over 30 years

125
Q

Which styles of Sherry are under consideration for designations VOS and VORS

A

Amontillado

Oloroso

Palo Cortado

Pedro Ximenez

126
Q

In the production of VOS and VORS wines how many liters must remain in the solera per liter drawn for the blend?

A

30

127
Q

When designating VOS and VORS in Sherry is the designation for the entire solera system or simply that sole lot drawn ?

A

Just the lot that has been drawn

128
Q

What glass is Sherry properly stored in?

A

Copita

129
Q

Name some great food pairings with Sherry.

A

Olives

Iberian ham

Almonds

Shellfish

Sardines grilled

Spanish Mackerel grilled

130
Q

Who was the first to manufacture Marsala?

A

John Woodhouse- English Port and Sherry merchant

1773

131
Q

Is Marsala fortified?

A

Yes

132
Q

When is Marsala fortified?

A

Either during or after fermentation- depending on desired sweetness

133
Q

What is mosto cotto and sifone? What are they used for?

A

Mosto cotto- cooked must also known as sifone

Sifone- mistelle produced by fortifying the unfermented must of overripe grapes

Both are used to used to adjust color and sweetness in Marsala production

134
Q

What are three colors of Marsala DOC wines?

A

Ambra

Oro (golden)

Rubino

135
Q

What grapes can be used for ambre and oro designations on a bottle of Marsala?

A

Grillo & Inzolia (Ansonica) are preferred

Cataratto and Damaschino may also be used but of less interest

136
Q

Describe the ambre style of Marsala?

A

The ambra style is of lower quality and is the only style that permits the practice of concia: the addition of mosto cotto

137
Q

What grapes are used in the production in the rubino style of Marsala?

A

Perricone

Calabrese (Nero d’Avola)

Nerello Mascalese

138
Q

What grapes may be what percentage of the blend in the rubino style of Marsala?

A

30%

139
Q

What do the following indicate on a Marsala label?

Secco

Semisecco

Dolce

A

Secco- max 40g/l rs

Semisecco- 40-100g/l rs

Dolce- minimum 100g/l rs

140
Q

What are the aging designations for Marsala?

A

Fine- minimum one year cask aging

Superiore- minimum two years cask aging

Superiore Riserva- minimum four years cask aging

Virgine- minimum five years cask aging

Vergine Stravecchio- minimum 10 years cask aging

141
Q

When does fortification occur for Vergine Marsala?

What addition is forbidden?

A

Fortified after fermentation

Not allowed to add mosto cotto or sifone

Vergine styles must be secco

142
Q

Soleras versions of Marsala must spend a minimum of ______ years in the solera before it can be blended.

A

5

143
Q

Who makes Vecchio Samperi and what is it?

A

Marco de Bartoli

Vino de tavola- not been fortified

Virgine quality Marsala

144
Q

Does vintage Marsala exist?

A

Yes and the vintage indicated is the year it was fortified.

145
Q
A
146
Q
A

Spirits (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions