Formulas Day 2 Flashcards
not found in Handbook
Orsat Analysis: CO2
KOH solution
Orsat Analysis: O2
pyrogallol (benzene-1,2,3-triol)
Orsat Analysis: CO
cuprous chloride
O2, theoretical
O2, theo = C + H/4 + S - O2
O2, free
O2, free = O2, xs + CO/2 + H2/2
Octane number
in terms of volume:
C8H18/ (C8H18 + C7H16)
Cetane number
in terms of volume:
C16H34/(C16H34+C11H10)
Dulong Equation (GCV or HHV)
GCV = 0.338 C + 1.44 (net H) + 0.094 S
Calderwood Equation
C = 5.88 + 2.206 (GCV - 0.094 S) + 0.053 |80 - 100*(VCM/FC)|^1.55
Dulong Equation (NCV or LHV)
NCV = GCV - 0.212 H - 0.0245 M - 0.00080
Combustibles in refuse: uncoked coal
(VCM/FC) coal = (VCM/FC) refuse
%VCM lost = % C lost = % GCV lost
Combustibles in refuse: coked coal
(VCM) refuse = 0
Combustibles in refuse: combination
(VCM/FC) coal > (VCM/FC) refuse
% VCM lost = % net H lost = %CW lost
Heating value for Gaseous Fuels
HHV = LHV + (nH2O, prod/ n,fuel burned)*(Δ°Hvap,water)
Tiller-Tour Equation (for Leaching)
N-1 = log [(x1-y2)/(xn-y_n+1)] / log [(x1-xn)/(y2-y_n+1)]
y2 = (L/V)(x1-xn) + y_n+1
Solute in Raffinate (LLE) for n stages
A_Rn = A_F [B/ (kS + B)]^n
Raoult’s Law
Pi = Pi° xi = P yi
Dalton’s Law
P = sum (Pi) = sum (Pi° xi)
Relative volatility
α_AB = [yA (1-xA)] / [xA (1-yA)]
Batch distillation: Rayleigh Equation
ln (A1/A2) = α ln (B1/B2)
use feed and bottoms
Flash Distillation (Equilibrium Distillation)
y = - (1-f) x/f + xF/f
f = V/F
Steam Distillation
nS / nB = (P - PB°) / (PB°)
Simple Continuous Distillation (no reflux)
α = (Da/Ba) / (Bb/Db)
Distillation with reflux: feed line
q = 1 + [Cp (Tb - Tf)] / λv